Authors/Buridan/Sophismata

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  • Chapter I: On the signification of terms and propositions
    • First sophism: Every spoken proposition is true
    • Second sophism: A horse is a donkey
    • Third sophism: God does not exist
    • Fourth sophism: The name 'chimera' signifies nothing
    • Fifth sophism: Complexly signifiables are chimeras
    • Sixth sophism: Nobody lies
  • Chapter 2: On the causes of the truth and falsity of propositions
    • First sophism: Aristotle's horse does not exist
    • Second sophism: Aristotle's horse walked
    • Third sophism: A chimera is a chimera
    • Fourth sophism: A vacuum is a place not filled with body
    • Fifth sophism: A man is a donkey
    • Sixth sophism: I say [something] false
  • Chapter 3: On supposition
    • First sophism: That God is unjust is to be denied by all the faithful
    • Second sophism: You are a donkey
    • Third sophism: A man is a species
    • Fourth sophism: A genus covers more than a most general genus
    • Fifth sophism: A name is trisyllabic
    • Sixth sophism: There always was some man
    • Seventh sophism: Some donkey every man sees
    • Eighth sophism: Every man is an animal
    • Ninth sophism: Every man an animal is not
  • Chapter 4: On appellation
    • First sophism: Socrates and a white [thing] are the same
    • Second sophism: Today you ate raw [meat]
    • Third sophism: Something white will be black
    • Fourth sophism: An old man will be a boy
    • Fifth sophism: Socrates will be running tomorrow
    • Sixth sophism: I saw Peter and Robert
    • Seventh sophism: This dog is your father
    • Eighth sophism: Socrates' whiteness is his similarity to Plato
    • Ninth sophism: You know the one approaching
    • Tenth sophism: You know that the coins in my purse are even in number
    • Eleventh sophism: You believe that you are a donkey
    • Twelfth sophism: Socrates appears to be other than what he is
    • Thirteenth sophism: Whoever knows that every triangle has three angles equal to two right angles [every isosceles knows to have three angles equal to two right angles]
    • Fourteenth sophism: Socrates the astronomer knows some stars to be above our hemisphere
    • Fifteenth sophism: I owe you a horse
  • Chapter 5: On ampliation and restriction
    • First sophism: Some horse does not exist
    • Second sophism: No man is dead
    • Third sophism: Antichrist is
    • Fourth sophism: Every old horse will die
    • Fifth sophism: Something corrupted is to be generated
    • Sixth sophism: Young Socrates was going to argue
    • Seventh sophism: A non-being is understood
    • Eighth sophism: Everything that will be is
    • Ninth sophism: Man and risible are convertible
    • Tenth sophism: Socrates will die today
  • Chapter 6: On the fact that utterances signify by convention
    • First sophism: You will be a donkey
    • Second sophism: Ba will be baptized
    • Third sophism: The utterance 'A' is a proposition
    • Fourth sophism: It is within our power that a man should be a donkey
    • Fifth sophism: You are a donkey or you are not a man
    • Sixth sophism: This proposition can be true: 'A man is a non-man'
    • Seventh sophism: You do not know whether 'A man is a donkey' is true
  • Chapter 7: On the measure according to which a proposition is true or false
    • First sophism: No spoken proposition is true
    • Second sophism: Nobody can contradict my proposition
    • Third sophism: The proposition 'Socrates is sitting' is true at a time throughout which Socrates is not sitting
    • Fourth sophism: This conjunction is true: 'Socrates is sitting and Socrates is not sitting'
    • Fifth sophism: This conjunction is true: 'Aristotle argues and Antichrist preaches'
    • Sixth sophism: At every time Socrates is running
    • Seventh sophism: The same spoken or written proposition is true and false for people of the same language and without a new imposition or obligation
    • Eighth sophism: Whatever moves moved earlier
    • Ninth sophism: No change is instantaneous
  • Chapter 8: On self-referential propositions
    • First sophism: Every proposition is affirmative; therefore, no proposition is negative
    • Second sophism: No proposition is negative; therefore, some proposition is negative
    • Third sophism: Every man runs; therefore, a donkey runs
    • Fourth sophism: I say that a man is a donke
    • Fifth sophism: Whatever Socrates hears, that Plato utters
    • Sixth sophism: It is true to declare a man to be an animal
    • Seventh sophism: Every proposition is false
    • Eighth sophism: Plato says something false
    • Ninth sophism: Socrates says something true
    • Tenth sophism: There are as many true propositions as false ones
    • Eleventh sophism: I say something false
    • Twelfth sophism: God exists and some conjunction is false
    • Thirteenth sophism: Socrates knows the proposition written on the wall to be doubtful to him
    • Fourteenth sophism: Socrates sits or a disjunctive [proposition] written on the wall is doubtful to Plato
    • Fifteenth sophism: To someone is propounded a proposition doubtful to him
    • Sixteenth sophism: You will respond negatively
    • Seventeenth sophism: You will throw me in the water
    • Eighteenth sophism: Socrates wants to eat
    • Nineteenth sophism: Socrates curses Plato
    • Twentieth sophism: Socrates wishes Plato evil

Modern editions

  • Scott, T. K., Johannes Buridanus: ‘Sophismata’. Critical Edition with an Introduction (Grammatica Speculativa, 1), Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: Frommann-Holzboog, 1977.

Translations

  • Klima, Gyula (tr.), 2001, John Buridan: ‘Summulae de Dialectica’, Yale Library of Medieval Philosophy, New Haven-London: Yale University Press.
  • Scott, T. K. Sophisms on Meaning and Truth. New York: Appleton Century Crofts, 1966. (Translation of John Buridan’s Sophismata.)
  • Hughes, G.E. John Buridan on Self-Reference, Chapter Eight of Buridan's Sophismata, translated with an introduction and commentary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.