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William of Ockham, Dialogus, part 1, book 2, chapters 17-34 Text and translation by John Scott. Copyright © 1999, The British Academy Link

Latin	English
Capitulum 17	Chapter 17
Discipulus Ista secunda sententia magis mihi apparet consona veritati, sed dic mihi an isti assertores omnes errores pestiferos quos nulli licet Christiano fideli asserere sub istis modis haeresum comprehendant.	Student That second opinion seems more in accord with the truth to me, but tell me whether those who affirm it include under those modes of heresy all the pestiferous errors which no believing christian is permitted to affirm.
Magister Praeter haereses supradictas affirmant esse quosdam alios errores mortiferos qui tamen non debent stricte haereses appellari. Tales errores dicunt esse illos qui cronicis et historiis ecclesiasticis fide dignis ac probatis gestis fidelium obviari noscuntur. Alii adhuc sunt errores qui veritatibus catholicis et cronicis vel historiis ecclesiasticis fide dignis ac gestis quae rationabiliter negari non possunt incompossibiles demonstrantur. Cuiusmodi sunt tales, "Regulae religiosorum non sunt catholicae", "Fides beati Augustini non fuit vera nec fidelis ", et huiusmodi, et istos errores quamvis stricte accipiendo vocabulum haeresis non reputent inter haereses computandos, dicunt tamen quod sapiunt haeresim manifestam, quod non est aliud quam dicere quod ex eis et aliis veris quae negari non possunt sequuntur haereses proprie dictae. Et ideo dicunt quod isti errores possunt large haereses appellari.	Master They say that besides the afore-mentioned heresies there are some other deadly errors which nevertheless should not strictly be called heresies. They say that errors of this kind are those which are known to be opposed to ecclesiastical chronicles and histories worthy of trust and to demonstrated deeds of believers. There are still other errors which are shown to be incompatible with catholic truths together with ecclesiastical chronicles or histories worthy of trust and deeds which can not reasonably be denied. The following are of this kind, "The rules of religious are not catholic", "The faith of blessed Augustine was not true or sincere", and the like; and although taking the word "heresy" strictly they do not reckon that those errors should be counted among the heresies, they say nevertheless that they smack of manifest heresy, which is only to say that heresies properly so called follow from them and [i.e. together with] other truths which can not be denied. And therefore they say that those errors can broadly be called heresies.
Discipulus Enumera generales modos pestiferorum errorum quos secundum istam secundam sententiam nulli licet catholico et fideli pertinaciter defensare.	Student Enumerate the general modes of pestiferous errors which, according to that second opinion, no catholic believer is permitted to defend pertinaciously.
Magister Tales modi generales, quorum aliqui plures sub se modos continent speciales, sunt quinque. Quorum primus est eorum qui solis contentis in Scriptura Divina repugnant et iste plures modos continet speciales, sicut ex praedictis apparet, et omnes isti errores debent haereses appellari. Secundus est eorum qui doctrinae apostolicae extra scripta eorum quoquomodo repugnant, et iste etiam continet plures modos. Tertius est eorum qui revelatis vel inspiratis ecclesiae post apostolos quomodolibet obviarent. Quartus est eorum qui cronicis, historiis et gestis ab ecclesia approbatis contrariantur. Quintus est eorum qui Scripturae Divinae vel doctrinae apostolicae extra scripta eorum vel inspiratis seu revelatis ecclesiae et aliis veris quae negari non possunt incompossibiles demonstrantur, licet ex forma propositionum solis contentis in Scriptura Divina et doctrina apostolica et revelatis seu inspiratis ecclesiae incompossibiles nequaquam appareant, et isti errores proprie possunt dici sapere haeresim manifestam, licet stricte sumendo nomen haeresis non sint haereses nuncupandae. Talis est iste error, "Castitas monachorum castitati non praeeminet coniugali". Nam iste error ex forma propositionis non repugnat alicui contento in Scriptura Divina vel doctrina apostolica, si tunc non fuerunt tales monachi qulaes modo sunt, nec etiam repugnat, ut videtur, alicui revelato vel inspirato ecclesiae. Contentis tamen in Scriptura Divina et isti vero quod nulla potest tergiversatione negari, "Monachi vovent et servant perpetuam continentiam propter Deum", incompossibilis esse dinoscitur, et ideo iste error, licet non videatur stricte sumpto vocabulo haeresis appellanda, sapit tamen haeresim manifestam quia ex ipso et quodam vero aperto sequitur haeresis manifesta.et quia haec dictio 'immediaƿ↵tum' est dictio ambigua et eius	Master There are five of these general modes, some of which contain several particular modes within them. The first of these consists of those [errors] which conflict with things contained solely in divine scripture, and it contains several particular modes, as is clear from what has been said above, and all those errors should be called heresies. The second consists of those [errors] which conflict in some way with apostolic teaching which is outside their writings, and that [mode] also contains several modes. The third consists of those [errors] which would in some way be opposed to things revealed to or inspired in the church after the apostles. The fourth consists of those [errors] which are contrary to chronicles, histories and deeds approved by the church. The fifth consists of those [errors] which are shown to be incompatible with divine scripture, or with the teaching of the apostles outside their writings, or with things inspired in or revealed to the church and [i.e. together with] other truths which can not be denied, even if by the form of the propositions they do not appear to be incompatible with things solely contained in divine scripture and apostolic teaching and things revealed to and inspired in the church, and those errors can properly be said to smack of manifest heresy, even if they should not be called heresies taking the word "heresy" strictly. An example of the latter is the following error, "The chastity of monks does not excel conjugal chastity". For in the form of its proposition that error does not conflict with anything contained in divine scripture or in apostolic teaching, if there were not monks then such as there are now, nor, as it seems, does it, also, even conflict with anything revealed to or inspired in the church. Yet it is known to be incompatible with things contained in divine scripture and indeed with the following, which can not be denied with any shifting, "Monks vow and observe perpetual continence for the sake of God", and therefore that error, even if it does not seem that it should be called a heresy taking that word strictly, does nevertheless smack of manifest heresy because from it and a certain clear truth manifest heresy does follow.
Capitulum 18	Chapter 18
Discipulus Nunc adverto quam utile fuit inquirere quae veritates debeant catholicae iudicari, quia ex solutione quaestionis illius potest intelligenti patere qui errores debent haereses reputari. Ex investigatis etiam circa catholicas veritates sequi videtur quod omnis haeresis sit damnata, quia, si omnis veritas catholica est per ecclesiam approbata, videtur quod per eandem ecclesiam omnis haeresis est damnata cum omnis haeresis alicui veritati catholicae adversetur. Approbato autem uno contrariorum constat aliud reprobari et damnari. An ergo aliqui literati teneant omnem haeresim esse damnatam nequaquam occultes.	Student I now observe how useful it was to ask which truths should be adjudged catholic, because from the explanation of that question it can be clear to someone with understanding which errors should be regarded as heresies. It seems also to follow from what has been investigated about catholic truths that every heresy has been condemned because if every catholic truth has been approved by the church it seems that every heresy has been condemned by the same church, since every heresy is opposed to some catholic truth. When one of [two] contraries is approved, however, it is certain that the other is rejected and condemned. Therefore do not conceal [from me] whether any learned men hold that every heresy has been condemned.
	Has every heresy been condemned already?
se↵cundum quem scimus in habendo ipsum Magister Multi tenent et probare conantur quod omnis haeresis est damnata. Hoc enim concilium generale sub Innocentio 3 celebratum, de quo habetur Extra, De haereticis, c. Excommunicamus, sentire videtur. Ait enim, "Excommunicamus et anathematisamus omnem haeresim, extollentem se adversus hanc sanctam, catholicam et orthodoxam fidem quam superius exposuimus." Ex quibus verbis patenter habetur quod omnis haeresis est excommunicata et anathematisata, et per consequens omnis haeresis est damnata.