Authors/John of Salisbury/Metalogicon/Liber 1

Prologue

Latin	English
PROLOGUS.
[0823A] In rebus humanis nil fere sic arbitror elimatum, ut aliqua ex parte detractioni non pateat; cum mala de merito, bona autem de livore carpantur.
Unde mihimet persuasi detractorum aculeos aequanimius tolerare; praesertim cum ex divina dispositione natura parens nos in ea aetate et regione ediderit, editosque sors in ea conditione, conviventiumque coetu locaverit, qui malunt aliena carpere, quam sua respicere, componere vel emendare.
Sic nemo in sese tentat descendere, nemo,
Sed praecedentis spectatur mantica dorso. (PERS. IV, 23.) Potueram quidem scholarium, et eorum qui philosophiae nomina profitentur, utcunque in silentio [0823B] cavere morsus, sed omnino non possum concurialium dentes evadere. Omnibus obsequi, neminem laedere, solebat prodesse ad gratiam; ut iuxta comicum: “Sine invidia laudem invenias, et amicos pares;” nunc autem vel sic raro proficitur ad commilitonum invidiam reprimendam. Nam obsequendi mos nota abiectionis inuritur; innocentia impotentiae esse videtur professio. Taciturnos criminatur indoctus; facundus accedit ad garrulos. Vir gravis sedere dicitur in insidiis, minus gravis a levitate culpatur ineptus. Qui modestiam sequitur sermonis et operis, censetur factiosus. Postremo, si rixa non est, vix est ut livor non sit incuria. Si tamen in alea, et venatica, caeterisque curialium nugis [0823C] omnem inter commilitones consumpsissem aetatem, scripta mea nequaquam roderent, sicut nec ego illorum scripta redarguo.
Mihi tamen pro minimo est, ut scribens ab illis iudicer, qui magni faciunt mimorum, histrionumque iudicia, et velut servi abiectissimi, expavescunt, ne de iis perperam loquatur, aut sentiat Thais, aut Thraso, Callirrhoe [0823D] aut Bathyllus. Porro si philosophiae professores persequuntur philosophantium amatorem, plane iniuriosi sunt, et in eam male remunerant charitatem. Eos enim, etsi nequeam imitari, certe amare, honorare et colere propositum est. Scholarium vero [0824A] debueram meruisse favorem: quos aut quod sunt aut quod fuerunt, quali possum advocatione defendo. Quod si utiliter gessero, gratia et merces debetur eventui; sin autem minus, voluntati. Hinc est illud:
Egisti nihil, inquis, et a te perdita causa est:
Tanto plus debes, Sexte, quod erubui. Neque enim a patrocinandi officio excludo potiores, si meae devotionis protestor affectum. Praestantiores supremam manum apponant, et ad sententiam ferendam pro logicis, iudicis inclinent officium. Siquidem cum opera logicorum vehementius, tanquam inutilis, rideretur: et me indignantem et renitentem, aemulus quotidianis fere iurgiis provocaret, tandem litem excepi, et ad eas calumnias, quas [0824B] procuraverat, sicut emergebant studui respondere.
Unde factum est, ut illum ordinem sequi oportuerit, quo ille urgebat, et plerumque silere a potioribus, dum diluerentur obiecta. Ipse enim procurabat, super quibus articulis vellet orationem procedere. Placuit itaque sociis, ut hoc ipsum tumultuario sermone dictarem: cum nec ad sententias subtiliter examinandas, nec ad verba expolienda, studium superesset, aut otium. Necessariis enim occupationibus vix aliquid amplius deducebatur, quam refectionis hora, vel somnii: cum ex mandato domini mei, cui deesse non possum, sollicitudo totius Britanniae, quod ad causas ecclesiasticas, mihi incumbat. Ad haec sollicitudo rei familiaris, et curiales [0824C] nugae, studium excludebant, amicorum interpellatio me fere totum absorbuerat.
Itaque iustum arbitror, ut in his quae temere dicta sunt, mihi venia facilius impendatur; si quid vero exierit aptius, ei gratia referatur, sine quo nihil potest humana infirmitas. Nam ingenium hebes est, et memoria infidelior, quam ut antiquorum subtilitates percipere, [0824D] aut quae aliquando percepta sunt, diutius valeam retinere. Linguam vero impolitam esse, stylus ipse convincit. Et quia logicae suscepi patrocinium, METALOGICON inscriptus est liber, quem quatuor voluminibus, ad recreationem lectoris, distinguere [0825A] curavi. More scribentium, res varias complexus sum, quas quisque probabit suo, aut reprobabit, arbitrio.
Sunt bona, sunt quaedam mediocria, sunt mala plura,
Quae legis hic: aliter non fit, Avite, liber. (MART. I, 17.) Sic Martialis; sic et ego: malens sic nugari, quam ad formam Ganymedis, lepores agitare, vel
Nocturno putere mero, putere diurno. (HOR. Ep. I, XIX, 11.)
Nec dedignatus sum, modernorum proferre sententias quos antiquis, in plerisque, praeferre non dubito. Spero equidem quod gloriam eorum, qui nunc sunt, posteritas celebrabit, eo quod multorum nobilia mirer ingenia, investigandi subtilitatem, diligentiam [0825B] studii, felicitatem memoriae, fecunditatem mentis, et oris facultatem, et copiam verbi. De moribus vero nonnulla scienter, inserui: ratus omnia quae leguntur aut scribuntur, inutilia esse, nisi quatenus afferunt aliquod adminiculum vitae.
Est enim quaelibet professio philosophandi inutilis, et falsa, quae se ipsam in cultu virtutis, et vitae exhibitione non aperit. Academicus, in his quae sunt dubitabilia Sapienti, non iuro verum esse, quod loquor: sed seu verum, seu falsum sit, sola probabilitate contentus sum. Tu, ut libuerit, universa [0826A] examinabis, et singula, quia te iudicem meis opusculis consecravi, dum intelligam quod mihi opera non pereat, et impensa. Quod si, quod absit! contigerit, ????

Chapter 1

Latin	English
[0825]
CAP. I. Calumnia quae ut Cornificio suo responderetur, extorsit. [0825C]	CHAPTER 1. The false accusation that has evoked this rejoinder to Cornificius.
Adversus insigne donum naturae parentis et gratiae, calumniam veterem et maiorum nostrorum iudicio condemnatam excitat improbus litigator, et conquirens undique imperitiae suae solatia, sibi proficere sperat ad gloriam, si multos similes sui, id est si eos viderit imperitos; habet enim hoc proprium arrogantiae tumor, ut se commetiatur aliis, bona sua, si qua sunt, efferens, deprimens aliena; defectumque proximi, suum putet esse profectum.	The malicious wrangler [to whom we have referred] has stirred up against one of the most extraordinary gifts of mother nature and grace, the embers of an outdated charge, long since discredited and dismissed as false and groundless by our ancestors. Barring no means in his effort to console himself for his own want of knowledge, he has contrived to improve his own reputation by making many others ignoramuses like himself. For inflated arrogance is marked by an overweening proclivity both to magnify its own good points, if it has any, and to belittle those of others, so that, measuring itself in comparison, it may count the shortcomings of others as signs of its own proficiency.
Omnibus autem recte sapientibus indubium est quod natura, clementissima parens omnium, et dispositissima moderatrix, inter caetera quae genuit animantia, hominem privilegio rationis extulit, et [0825D] usu eloquii insignivit: id agens sedulitate officiosa, et lege dispositissima, ut homo qui gravedine faeculentioris naturae et molis corporeae tarditate premebatur et trahebatur ad ima, his quasi subvectus alis, ad alta ascendat, et ad obtinendum verae beatitudinis bravium, omnia alia felici compendio antecedat. Dum itaque naturam fecundat gratia, ratio rebus perspiciendis et examinandis invigilat; naturae sinus excutit, metitur fructus et efficaciam singulorum: et innatus omnibus amor boni, naturali urgente se appetitu, hoc, aut solum,	All who possess real insight agree that nature, the most loving mother and wise arranger of all that exists, has, among the various living creatures which she has brought forth, elevated man by the privilege of reason, and distinguished him by the faculty of speech. She has thus effected, by her affectionate care and well-ordered plan, that, even though he is oppressed and handicapped by the burden of his earthy nature and the sluggishness of his physical body, man may still rise to higher things. Borne aloft, so to speak, on wings of reason and speech, he is thus enabled, by this felicitous shortcut, to outstrip all other beings, and to attain the crown of true happiness. While grace fructifies [human] nature, reason looks after the observation and examination of facts, probes the secret depths of nature, and estimates all utility and worth. In the meantime, the love of good, inborn in all of us, seeks, as our natural appetite asserts itself, what alone or particularly seems best adapted to the attainment of happiness.
Inveniam alium si me hic fastidit Alexis, (VIRG. Ecl. II, 73.) philosophanti quemlibet praeferens histrionem. Tria quidem sunt (ut de consilio meo perfectius instruaris), quae non modo mihi metum, sed plerisque scriptoribus periculum salutis, aut meriti dispendium afferunt: ignorantia veri, fallax aut proterva assertio falsi, et tumida professio veritatis. Novi enim quis dixerit: “Tutius auditur veritas, quam dicatur.” In audiendo enim custoditur humilitas, sed in dicendo saepissime subrepit elatio. Ego autem [0826B] in omnibus his agnosco errorem meum, qui et rerum ignorantia laboro, et falsum saepius, et magis quam expediat, tueor, et plerumque tumide, et cum elatione, donec me Deus corripiat et corrigat, ipsam profero veritatem.
Unde lectorem et auditorem, quanta possum supplicatione, convenio, ut in orationibus suis memores mei sint apud Altissimum, impetrantes mihi praecedentium veniam delictorum, cautelam futurorum, notitiam veri, amorem boni, cultum Dei, et ut corde, ore, opere, exerceantur a nobis, quae divinae sunt placita voluntati.
[0826C] aut prae caeteris sequitur, quod percipiendae beatitudini maxime videtur esse accommodum.
Cum vero beatitudo communionis ignara, quae aut qualis extra societatem sit, nec fingi quidem possit; quisquis ea, quae ad ius humanae societatis, (quae quodammodo filiorum naturae unica et singularis fraternitas est), conciliandum et fovendum proficiunt, impugnat, viam adipiscendae felicitatis omnibus videtur obstruere; et praecluso pacis aditu, ut in se concurrant ad interitum orbis, naturae viscera incitare.	Since one cannot even imagine how any kind of happiness could exist entirely apart from mutual association and divorced from human society, whoever assails what contributes to establish and promote rightful order in the latter [human society] (in a way the sole and unique fraternity among the children of nature), would seem to obstruct the way to beatitude for all. Having blocked the road to peace, he incites the forces of nature to concur for the destruction of the world.
Hoc quidem est seminare inter fratres discordiam, hoc arma ministrare compositis; hoc denique firmare novum et magnum chaos inter Deum et homines; sic enim ad firmioris nexus compagem et charitatis custodiam, universitatis partes, creatrix [0826D] Trinitas, Deus unus et verus, ordinavit, ut alterius ope res altera indigeret, et altera defectum suppleret alterius; dum sunt singula quasi singulorum membra. Semiplena sunt ergo omnia, si ab invicem dissolvantur; sed aliorum foederatione perfecta: quoniam omnia mutuis constant auxiliis. Quid ad beatitudinem obtinendam virtute fidelius, aut utilius? Quid compendiosius? haec est enim fere singularis et unica via, quam ad beatitudinem gratiae praeparavit. Nam qui citra virtutis meritum beati fiunt, non tam eundo illuc perveniunt, quam trahuntur. [0827A] Miror itaque (non tamen satis, quia non possum), quid sibi vult, qui eloquentiae negat esse studendum; ipsamque sicut visum non caeco, auditum non surdo, asserit gratis a natura pervenire ei, qui mutus non est; sed plenius, si naturae munus exercitio roboretur, nec tamen beneficium aliquod ab arte praestari; aut id minus, quam labor artis exposcat.	This is "To sow discord among brothers” "to supply arms" to those at peace, and last, but not least, to establish a new and great chasm" between God and man,7 The creative Trinity, the one true God, has so arranged the parts of the universe that each requires the help of the others, and they mutually compensate for their respective deficiencies, all things being, so to speak, "members one of another,"* All things lack something when isolated, and are perfected on being united, since they mutually support one another. What is more reliable, helpful, and efficacious for the acquisition of happiness than virtue, which is practically the sole means grace has provided for the attainment of beatitude? Those who attain blessedness without meriting it by virtue, arrive at this state by being drawn thither, rather than by going there themselves. I consequently wonder (though not sufficiently, as it is beyond me) what is the real aim of one who denies that eloquence should be studied; who asserts that it comes as a natural gift to one who is not mute, just as sight docs to one who is not blind, and hearing to one who is not deaf; and who further maintains that although nature's gift is strengthened by exercise, nothing is to be gained by learning the art [of eloquence], or at least that the benefit accruing is not worth the effort that must be expended.
Sicut enim eloquentia, non modo temeraria est, sed etiam caeca, quam ratio non illustrat; sic et sapientia, quae usu verbi non proficit, non modo debilis est, sed quodam modo manca: licet enim quandoque aliquatenus sibi prodesse possit sapientia elinguis ad solatium conscientiae; raro tamen, et parum confert ad usum societatis humanae. Nam ratio, scientiae virtutumque parens, altrix et custos, [0827B] quae de verbo frequentius concipit, et per verbum numerosius et fructuosius parit, aut omnino sterilis permaneret, aut quidem infecunda, si non conceptionis fructum in lucem ederet eloquio: et invicem, quod sentit prudens agitatio mentis hominibus publicaret.	Just as eloquence, unenlightened by reason, is rash and blind, so wisdom, without the power of expression, is feeble and maimed. Speechless wisdom may sometimes increase one's personal satisfaction, but it rarely and only slightly contributes to the welfare of human society. Reason, the mother, nurse, and guardian of knowledge, as well as of virtue, frequently conceives from speech, and by this same means bears more abundant and richer fruit. Reason would remain utterly barren, or at least would fail to yield a plenteous harvest, if the faculty of speech did not bring to light its feeble conceptions, and communicate the perceptions of the prudent exercise of the human mind.
Haec autem est illa dulcis et fructuosa coniugatio rationis et verbi, quae tot egregias genuit urbes, tot conciliavit et foederavit regna, tot univit populos et charitate devinxit, ut hostis omnium publicus merito censeatur, quisquis hoc, quod ad utilitatem omnium Deus coniunxit, nititur separare. Mercurio philologiam invidet, et ab amplexu Philologiae Mercurium avellit, qui eloquentiae praeceptionem a studiis philosophiae eliminat; et, quamvis solam videatur eloquentiam [0827C] persequi, omnia liberalia studia convellit, omnem totius philosophiae impugnat operam, societatis humanae foedus distrahit, et nullum charitati, aut vicissitudini officiorum relinquit locum. Brutescent homines, si concessi dote priventur eloquii; ipsaeque urbes videbuntur potius pecorum quasi septa, quam coetus hominum, nexu quodam societatis foederatus, ut participatione officiorum, et amica invicem vicissitudine eodem iure vivat. Quis enim contractus rite celebrabitur? quae fidei aut morum disciplina vigebit? quaenam erit obsecundatio aut communicatio voluntatum, subtracto verbi commercio? Non ergo unam, non paucos, sed omnes simul urbes et politicam vitam totam [0827D] aggreditur Cornificius noster, studiorum eloquentiae imperitus et improbus impugnator.	Indeed, it is this delightful and fruitful copulation of reason and speech which has given birth to so many outstanding cities, has made friends and allies of so many kingdoms, and has unified and knit together in bonds of love so many peoples. Whoever tries to "thrust asunder what God has joined together"* for the common good, should rightly be adjudged a public enemy. One who would eliminate the teaching of eloquence from philosopliical studies, begrudges Mercury [Eloquence] his possession of Philology, and wrests from Philology's arms her beloved Mercury." Although he may seem to attack eloquence alone, he undermines and uproots all liberal studies, assails the whole structure of philosophy, tears to shreds humanity's social contract, and destroys the means of brotherly chanty and reciprocal interchange of services. Deprived of their gift of speech, men would degenerate to the condition of brute animals, and cities would seem like corrals for livestock, rather than communities composed of human beings united by a common bond for the purpose of living in society, serving one another, and cooperating as friends. If verbal intercommunication were withdrawn, what contract could be duly concluded, what instruction could be given in faith and morals, and what agreement and mutual understanding could subsist among men? It may thus be seen that our "Cornificius," ignorant and malevolent foe of studies pertaining to eloquence, attacks not merely one, or even a few persons, but all civilization and political organization.

Chapter 2

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CAP. II. Descriptio personae suppresso nomine.	CHAPTER 2. A description of Cornificius, without giving his name.
Ipsum vero vulgato designarem ex nomine, et tumorem ventris et mentis; oris impudicitiam, rapacitatem manuum, gestus levitatem, foeditatem morum (quos tota vicinia despuit), obscenitatem libidinis, deformitatem corporis, turpitudinem vitae, maculam famae, publicis aspectibus ingerens denudarem, nisi me Christiani nominis reverentia cohiberet. Memor enim professionis, meae et fraternae, quae in Domino est, communionis indulgendum esse personae credidi, dum tamen non indulgeatur errori. Defero ergo Deo, parcens naturae, quae ab ipso est, et impugnans vitium, quod contra ipsum est; dum [0828A] naturam corrumpit, quam ille generavit. Utique par est sine derogatione personae, sententiam impugnari; nihilque turpius, quam cum sententia displicet, aut opinio, rodere nomen auctoris; longe quidem probabilius est, ut opinioni falsae, quatenus tamen error tolerabilis est, parcatur interdum propter hominem, quam ut propter opinionem homo carpatur. Singula suis sunt examinanda indiciis, et paria meritis sunt praemia conferenda; ita tamen, ut rigorem mansuetudo clementiae vincat.	I would openly identify Cornificius and call him by his own name I would reveal to the public his bloated gluttony, puffed-up pride, obscene mouth, rapacious greed, irresponsible conduct, loathsome habits (which nauseate all about him), foul lust, dissipated appearance, evil life, and ill repute, were it not that I am restrained by reverence for his Christian name. In view of my profession and our brotherly communion in the Lord, I have thought it better to be lenient with the person, without ceding any quarter to his error. I would reverence God, by sparing the nature, which comes from Him, but attacking the vice, which is opposed to Him, since it corrupts the nature of which He is Author. It is but right, in resisting an opinion, to avoid defaming the person who has sponsored it- Nothing is more despicable than to attack the character of the proponent of a doctrine simply because his views are not to our liking. It is far better that a false opinion he temporarily spared out of consideration for the person who holds it, provided his error is at all tolerable, than that the person be calumniated because of his opinion. All cases should be judged on their own merits, and retribution should correspond to deserts, but in such a way that gentle mercy prevails over strict severity.
Hac itaque contemplatione, suppressi vulgati nominis notam: ne non tam erroris videar procurasse medelam, quam infensam deturpasse personam. Ut autem verum fatear, nihil est minus verum, quia quatenus Christiano licitum est, personam et sententiam [0828B] aeque contemno. Ut libet ergo ille stertat in dies medios, quotidianis conviscerationibus ingurgitetur ad crapulam, et in illis immunditiis volutatus incumbat, quae nec porcum deceant Epicuri. Caeterum opinioni reluctor, quae multos perdidit, eo quod populum, qui sibi credat, habet; et, licet antiquo novus Cornificius ineptior sit, ei tamen turba insipientium acquiescit. Illorum tamen maxime, qui, cum inertes sint et ignavi, videri, quam esse sapientes, appetunt.	In view of the aforesaid, and lest I seem to be slandering a personal enemy, rather than seeking the correction of error, I have omitted mention of the name by which Cornificius is regularly known. To tell the truth, nothing is farther from fact [than to presume that I am more interested in discrediting a personal foe than in establishing the truth]. As far as a Christian may licitly do so, I would despise both the person and his opinion. But let him snore away till midday, become drunk in his daily carousals, and squander his time by wallowing in carnal excesses which would shame even an Epicurean pig as much as his heart desires. I will confine myself to attacking his opinion, which has mined many, as not a few believe what he says. Despite the fact that this new Cornificius is less clever than the old one, a host of fools follow fiim. It is a motley crowd, made up mostly of the lazy and dull, who are trying to seem, rather than to become wise.

Chapter 3

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CAP. III. Quando, qualiter et a quibus fuerit institutus?	CHAPTER 3. When, how, and by whom Cornificius was educated.
Ego quidem omnino non miror si credulos auditores suos, multa mercede conductus et multo tempore aerem verberans, docuit nihil scire: cum et ipse sic [0828C] edoctus sit a magistris. Siquidem non facundus, sed verbosus, et sine fructu sensuum, verborum folia in ventum continve profert. Ea tamen est cautela hominis, cum aeque omnium dicta vituperet, ut in astruenda sua, aut aliena sententia destruenda, nunquam manum conserat, ratione nunquam innitatur, nunquam sustineat congredi in campo Scripturarum: nescio quid arduum et ignotum omnibus sapientibus, tumenti ventosi pulmonis folle concepit: unde alicui respondere, aut patienter audire quempiam, dedignatur.	I am not at all surprised that Cornificius, although he has been hired at a high price, and has been thrashing the air for a long time, has taught his credulous listeners to know nothing. For this was the way in which he himself was "untaught" by his own masters. Verbose, rather than eloquent, he is continually tossing to the winds verbal leaves that lack the fruit of meaning. On the one hand, he assails with bitter sarcasm the statements of everyone else, without any concern as to who they may be, in the effort to establish his own views and overthrow the opinions of others. On the other hand, he carefully shuns engaging in hand-to-hand combat, and avoids basing his arguments on reason or consenting to walk together in the field of the scriptures.Really, I cannot imagine what extraordinary thmg, hidden from all the wise, Cornificius has conceived in the swollen bellows of his windy lungs, wherefore he disdains to answer or to listen with patience to anyone else.
Si enim quidlibet proposueris, ille conviciabitur, aut ridebit. Si, ut ille propositum probet, exspectas, dilatio necessaria est; ut, cum dies cesserit, tu exspectationis fructu fraudaberis, eo quod margaritas suas, porcis alienis, ut ait, non [0828D] vult esse communes. Fabellis tamen et nugis, suos pascit interim auditores; quos, sine artis beneficio, si vera sunt quae promittit, faciet eloquentes, et tramite compendioso sine labore, philosophos. Nam et ipse accepit a doctoribus, quod nunc discipulis tradit, eosque sic instituit, sicut et ipse institutus est. Discipulos ergo in philosophia sibi faciet coaequales.	No matter what proposition is advanced, he rejects it as false, or laughs it to scorn. If you expect him to prove his propositions, he puts you off. and when the day has ended, you find you have been defrauded of what you were awaiting. For he does not want to cast his pearls, so he says, before strange swine. Meanwhile he pastures his [sheepish] listeners on fictions and foibles. He boasts that he has a shortcut whereby lie will make his disciples eloquent without the benefit of any art, and philosophers without the need of any work. He himself learned from his own teachers what he is today passing on to his pupils. He is ladling out the very same kind of instruction that he himself received. He will make his disciples his equals in philosophy.
Quid multa? nonne sic perfecti erunt, iuxta illud Evangelii: Discipulus omnis perfectus est, si sit sicut magister eius? (Luc. VI.) Eo autem tempore ista Cornificius didicit, quae nunc docenda reservat, audienda quidem felicibus, et, ut dici solet, auribus Iovis, quando in liberalibus disciplinis, littera nihil erat, et ubique spiritus quaerebatur, qui, ut [0829A] aiunt, latet in littera. Hylam esse ab Hercule, validum scilicet argumentum, a forti et robusto argumentatore potestates vocalium, quinque iura regnorum; et in hunc modum docere omnia, studium illius aetatis erat. Insolubilis in illa philosophantium schola tunc temporis quaestio habebatur, an porcus, qui ad Venalitium agitur, ab homine, an a funiculo teneatur. Item, an capucium emerit, qui cappam integram comparavit.	What more [could they wish] ? Will they not thus, in accordance with the saying, be perfect ? Do we not read in the Gospel: "Every disciple who becomes like his master is perfect?" What he now teaches, Cornincius learned at a time when there was no "letter"ai in liberal studies, and everyone sought "the spirit," which, so they tell us, lies hidden in the letter. He has carefully preserved this, to be heard only by the fortunate and by "the ears of Jove*' (as the saying goes)." When Cornificius went to school, it was a dominant principle that "Hercules begets Hyllus":namely, that the strength and vigor of the disputant add up to a valid argument, and that sovereignty resides in the five vowel sounds. At that time this was considered the proper way to teach everything. The philosophers of that day argued interminably over such questions as whether a pig being taken to market is held by the man or by the rope; and whether one who buys a whole cape also simultaneously purchases the hood.
Inconveniens prorsus erat oratio, in qua haec verba, conveniens, et inconveniens argumentum, et ratio non perstrepebat multiplicatis particulis negativis et traiectis per esse, et non esse, ita ut calculo opus esset, quoties fuerat disputandum, Alioquin vis affirmationis et negationis erat incognita. [0829B] Nam plerumque affirmationis vim habet geminata negatio, itemque vis negatoria ab impari numero convalescit. Siquidem negatio plerumque iterata, se ipsam perimit; et contradictioni, sicut regulariter proditum est, coaequatur.	Speech in which the words "consistent" and "inconsistent," "argument" and "reason'1 did not resound, with negative particles multiplied and transposed through assertions of existence and non-existence,21 was entirely unacceptable. So true was this that one had to bring along a counter whenever he went to a disputation, if he was to keep apprized of the force of affirmation or negation. For generally a double negative is equivalent to affirmation, whereas the force of a negation is increased if it is repeated an uneven number of times. At the same time, a negation repeated over and over usually loses its effect, and becomes equivalent to contradiction, as we find stated in the rules.
Ut ergo, pari loco an impari versetur, deprehendi queat, ad disceptationes, collectam fabam et pisam deferre, quae conveniebatur, consilio prudenti consueverat; ita quidem si intellectui rerum, quae videbantur in quaestione versari, operam dabat. Sufficiebat ad victoriam verbosus clamor, et qui undecunque aliquid inferebat, ad propositi perveniebat metam. Poetae, historiographi, habebantur infames, et si quis incumbebat laboribus antiquorum, notabatur, et non modo asello Arcadiae tardior, sed obtusior [0829C] plumbo vel lapide, omnibus erat in risum. Suis enim, aut magistri sui quisque incumbebat inventis. Nec hoc tamen diu licitum; cum ipsi auditores in brevi coerrantium impetu urgerentur, ut et ipsi, spretis his, quae a doctoribus suis audierant, cuderent et conderent novas sectas.	In order, therefore, to discriminate between instances of even and uneven numbers, it was then the custom of those who had prudent foresight to bring a bag of beans and peas to disputations as a reasonable expedient. Even though one might try to get to the root of a question, noisy verbosity would suffice to win the victory, regardless of the kind of arguments advanced. Poets who related history were considered reprobate, and if anyone applied himself to studying the ancients, he became a marked man and the laughingstock of all. For he was deemed both slower than a young Arcadian ass, and duller than lead or stone. Everyone enshrined his own and his master's inventions. Yet even this situation could not abide. Students were soon swept along in the current, and, like their fellows in error, came to spurn what they had learned from their teachers, and to form and found new sects of their own.
Fiebant ergo summi repente philosophi; nam qui illitteratus accesserat, fere non morabatur in scholis ulterius, quam eo curriculo temporis, quo avium pulli plumescunt.	Of a sudden, they blossomed forth as great philosophers. Those newly arrived in school, unable to read or write, hardly stayed there any longer than it takes a baby bird to sprout its feathers.
Itaque recentes magistri e scholis, et pulli volucrum e nidis, sicut pari tempore morabantur, sic pariter avolabant. Sed quid docebant novi doctores, et qui plus somniorum, quam vigiliarum, in scrutinio philosophiae consumpserant, et [0829D] facilius instituti, quam illi iuxta narrationes fabulosas, qui somniantes in Parnasso, repente vates progrediebantur, aut citius quam ii qui de Castalio Fonte Musarum munus hauriebant poeticum; aut quam illi qui, viso Phoebo, Musarum, nedum musicorum. meruerunt ascribi consortio? Nunquid rude aliquid, aut incultum, nunquid aliquid vetustum aut obsoletum? Ecce nova fiebant omnia, innovabatur grammatica, immutabatur dialectica, contemnebatur rhetorica: et novas totius quadrivii vias, evacuatis priorum regulis, de ipsis philosophiae adytis proferebant. Solam convenientiam sive rationem loquebantur, argumentum sonabat in ore omnium, et asinum nominare, vel hominem, aut aliquid operum naturae, instar criminis erat, aut ineptum [0830A] nimis, aut rude, et a philosopho alienum, impossibile credebatur convenienter, et ad rationis normam quidquam dicere aut facere, nisi convenientis et rationis mentio expressim esset inserta.	Then the new masters, fresh from the schools, and fledglings, just leaving their nests, flew off together, after having stayed about the same length of time in school and nest. These "fresh-baked" doctors had spent more hours sleeping than awake in their study of philosophy, and had been educated with less expenditure of effort than chose who, according to mythology, after sleeping on [Mount] Parnassus immediately became prophets. They had been trained more rapidly than those who after imbibing from the Castalian Fountain of the Muses, directly obtained the gift of poetry;30 or those who, after setting eyes on Apollo, merited not only to be classed as musicians, hut even to be accepted into the company of the Muses. What, now, did they teach? How could they allow anything to remain crude and unpolished, old and obsolete? Behold, all things were renovated. Grammar was [completely] made over; logic was remodeled; rhetoric was despised. Discarding the rules of their predecessors, they brought forth new methods for the whole Quadrivium from the innermost sanctuaries*" of philosophy. They spoke only of "consistence" or "reason," and the word "argument" was on the lips of all. To mention "an ass," "a man," or any of the works of nature was considered a crime, or improper, crude, and alien to a philosopher. It was deemed impossible to say or do anything "consistently" and "rationally," without expressly mentioning "consistence" and "reason."
Sed nec argumentum fieri licitum, nisi praemisso nomine argumenti. Ex arte et de arte agere idem erat. Docebunt hi forte, quod poeta versifice nihil dicet, nisi cognominet versum, quod faber lignarius scamnum facere nequeat, nisi scamnum aut lignum volvat in ore. Inde ergo haec sartargo loquendi in qua senex insulsus exsultat, insultans eis qui artium venerantur auctores, eo quod nihil utilitatis in eis reperit, cum se eis dare operam simularet.	Not even an argument was admitted unless it was prefaced by its name. To act with reference to an art and according to the act were (for them) the same. They would probably teach that a poet cannot write poetry unless he at the same time names the verse he is using; and that the carpenter cannot make a bench unless he is simultaneously forming on his lips the word "bench" or "wooden scat/'3* The result is this hodgepodge of verbiage,™ reveled in by a foolish old man, who rails at those who respect the founders of the arts, since he himself could see nothing useful in these arts when he was pretending to study them.