Authors/Aristotle/metaphysics/l5/c3 - Revision history

Edward Ockham: /* Chapter 3 Element */

2015-02-21T22:38:30Z

Chapter 3 Element

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:38, 21 February 2015
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	==Chapter 3 Element==		==Chapter 3 Element==
	{\| border=1 cellpadding=10		{\| border=1 cellpadding=10
	!valign = top width=45%\|Latin		!valign = top width=30%\|Greek
	!valign = top width=55%\|English		!valign = top width=30%\|Latin
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			\|στοιχεῖον λέγεται ἐξ οὗ σύγκειται πρώτου ἐνυπάρχοντος ἀδιαιρέτου τῷ εἴδει εἰς ἕτερον εἶδος, οἷον φωνῆς στοιχεῖα ἐξ ὧν σύγκειται ἡ φωνὴ καὶ εἰς ἃ διαιρεῖται ἔσχατα, ἐκεῖνα δὲ μηκέτ᾽ εἰς ἄλλας φωνὰς ἑτέρας τῷ [30] εἴδει αὐτῶν, ἀλλὰ κἂν διαιρῆται, τὰ μόρια ὁμοειδῆ, οἷον ὕδατος τὸ μόριον ὕδωρ, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ τῆς συλλαβῆς. ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τὰ τῶν σωμάτων στοιχεῖα λέγουσιν οἱ λέγοντες εἰς ἃ διαιρεῖται τὰ σώματα ἔσχατα, ἐκεῖνα δὲ μηκέτ᾽ εἰς ἄλλα εἴδει διαφέροντα: καὶ εἴτε ἓν εἴτε πλείω τὰ τοιαῦτα, [35] ταῦτα στοιχεῖα λέγουσιν. παραπλησίως δὲ καὶ τὰ τῶν διαγραμμάτων στοιχεῖα λέγεται, καὶ ὅλως τὰ τῶν ἀποδείξεων: αἱ γὰρ πρῶται ἀποδείξεις καὶ ἐν πλείοσιν ἀποδείξεσιν ἐνυπάρχουσαι, [1014β] [1] αὗται στοιχεῖα τῶν ἀποδείξεων λέγονται: εἰσὶ δὲ τοιοῦτοι συλλογισμοὶ οἱ πρῶτοι ἐκ τῶν τριῶν δι᾽ ἑνὸς μέσου.

	\|<span id=c3></span>Elementum dicitur ex quo componitur primo inexistente indivisibili specie in aliam speciem, ut vocis elementa ex quibus vox componitur et in quae dividitur ultima, illa vero non adhuc in alias voces ab ipsis specie diversas. Sed et si dividantur, {{a\|bk1014a30\|↵}} particule eiusdem speciei, ut aque particula aqua; sed non sillabe. Similiter autem et corporum elementa dicunt dicentes in quae dividuntur corpora ultima, illa autem non adhuc in alia specie differentia corpora; et sive unum sive plura talia, haec elementa dicunt. Propinque autem et quae dyagrammatum {{a\|bk1014a35\|↵}} dicuntur elementa, et omnino quae demonstrationum; nam prime demonstrationes et in pluribus demonstrationibus exis{{a\|bk1014b1\|↵}}{{p\|96}}tentes, hae elementa demonstrationum dicuntur; sunt autem tales sillogismi primi rex tribus * per unum medium.		\|<span id=c3></span>Elementum dicitur ex quo componitur primo inexistente indivisibili specie in aliam speciem, ut vocis elementa ex quibus vox componitur et in quae dividitur ultima, illa vero non adhuc in alias voces ab ipsis specie diversas. Sed et si dividantur, {{a\|bk1014a30\|↵}} particule eiusdem speciei, ut aque particula aqua; sed non sillabe. Similiter autem et corporum elementa dicunt dicentes in quae dividuntur corpora ultima, illa autem non adhuc in alia specie differentia corpora; et sive unum sive plura talia, haec elementa dicunt. Propinque autem et quae dyagrammatum {{a\|bk1014a35\|↵}} dicuntur elementa, et omnino quae demonstrationum; nam prime demonstrationes et in pluribus demonstrationibus exis{{a\|bk1014b1\|↵}}{{p\|96}}tentes, hae elementa demonstrationum dicuntur; sunt autem tales sillogismi primi rex tribus * per unum medium.

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			\|καὶ μεταφέροντες δὲ στοιχεῖον καλοῦσιν ἐντεῦθεν ὃ ἂν ἓν ὂν καὶ μικρὸν ἐπὶ πολλὰ ᾖ χρήσιμον, [5] διὸ καὶ τὸ μικρὸν καὶ ἁπλοῦν καὶ ἀδιαίρετον στοιχεῖον λέγεται. ὅθεν ἐλήλυθε τὰ μάλιστα καθόλου στοιχεῖα εἶναι, ὅτι ἕκαστον αὐτῶν ἓν ὂν καὶ ἁπλοῦν ἐν πολλοῖς ὑπάρχει ἢ πᾶσιν ἢ ὅτι πλείστοις, καὶ τὸ ἓν καὶ τὴν στιγμὴν ἀρχάς τισι δοκεῖν εἶναι. ἐπεὶ οὖν τὰ καλούμενα γένη [10] καθόλου καὶ ἀδιαίρετα (οὐ γὰρ ἔστι λόγος αὐτῶν), στοιχεῖα τὰ γένη λέγουσί τινες, καὶ μᾶλλον ἢ τὴν διαφορὰν ὅτι καθόλου μᾶλλον τὸ γένος: ᾧ μὲν γὰρ ἡ διαφορὰ ὑπάρχει, καὶ τὸ γένος ἀκολουθεῖ, ᾧ δὲ τὸ γένος, οὐ παντὶ ἡ διαφορά. ἁπάντων δὲ κοινὸν τὸ εἶναι στοιχεῖον ἑκάστου τὸ [15] πρῶτον ἐνυπάρχον ἑκάστῳ.

	\|Et transferentes autem elementum vocant hinc: quodcum{{a\|bk1014b5\|↵}}quae unum ens et parvum ad multa fuerit utile; quapropter et parvum et simplex et indivisibile dicitur elementum. Unde venit maxime universalia elementa esse, quia unumquodque eorum unum ens et simplex in multis inest aut omnibus aut quam plurimis, et unum et punctum principia quibusdam videri {{a\|bk1014b10\|↵}} esse. Quoniam ergo vocata genera universalia * et indivisibilia (una enim est ipsorum ratio), elementa genera dicunt aliqui, no et magis quam differentiam, quoniam universale magis genus; nam cui differentia inest, et genus * sequitur, sed cui genus, non omne differentia. Omnium autem commune * esse elemen{{a\|bk101b15\|↵}}tum cuiuslibet quod primo inest cuique.		\|Et transferentes autem elementum vocant hinc: quodcum{{a\|bk1014b5\|↵}}quae unum ens et parvum ad multa fuerit utile; quapropter et parvum et simplex et indivisibile dicitur elementum. Unde venit maxime universalia elementa esse, quia unumquodque eorum unum ens et simplex in multis inest aut omnibus aut quam plurimis, et unum et punctum principia quibusdam videri {{a\|bk1014b10\|↵}} esse. Quoniam ergo vocata genera universalia * et indivisibilia (una enim est ipsorum ratio), elementa genera dicunt aliqui, no et magis quam differentiam, quoniam universale magis genus; nam cui differentia inest, et genus * sequitur, sed cui genus, non omne differentia. Omnium autem commune * esse elemen{{a\|bk101b15\|↵}}tum cuiuslibet quod primo inest cuique.

	\|<span id=jp412></span> (2) People also transfer the word ''element'' from this meaning and apply it to that which, being one and small, is useful for many purposes; for which reason what is small and simple and indivisible is called an element. Hence come the facts that the most universal things are elements (because each of them being one and simple is present in a plurality of things, either in all or in as many as possible), and that unity and the point are thought by some to be first principles. Now, since the so-called genera are universal and indivisible (for there is no definition of them), some say the genera are elements, and more so than the differentia, because the genus is more universal; for where the differentia is present, the genus accompanies it, but where the genus is present, the differentia is not always so. It is common to all the meanings that the element of each thing is the first component immanent in each.		\|<span id=jp412></span> (2) People also transfer the word ''element'' from this meaning and apply it to that which, being one and small, is useful for many purposes; for which reason what is small and simple and indivisible is called an element. Hence come the facts that the most universal things are elements (because each of them being one and simple is present in a plurality of things, either in all or in as many as possible), and that unity and the point are thought by some to be first principles. Now, since the so-called genera are universal and indivisible (for there is no definition of them), some say the genera are elements, and more so than the differentia, because the genus is more universal; for where the differentia is present, the genus accompanies it, but where the genus is present, the differentia is not always so. It is common to all the meanings that the element of each thing is the first component immanent in each.

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	==Notes==		==Notes==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}</noinclude>
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Edward Ockham: Text replace - "{{bk\|(.*)}}" to "{{a|bk$1|↵}}"

2014-03-13T11:28:33Z

Text replace - "{{bk\|(.*)}}" to "{{a|bk$1|↵}}"

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	\|<span id=c3></span>Elementum dicitur ex quo componitur primo inexistente indivisibili specie in aliam speciem, ut vocis elementa ex quibus vox componitur et in quae dividitur ultima, illa vero non adhuc in alias voces ab ipsis specie diversas. Sed et si dividantur, {{bk\|~~1014a30~~}} particule eiusdem speciei, ut aque particula aqua; sed non sillabe. Similiter autem et corporum elementa dicunt dicentes in quae dividuntur corpora ultima, illa autem non adhuc in alia specie differentia corpora; et sive unum sive plura talia, haec elementa dicunt. Propinque autem et quae dyagrammatum {{bk\|~~1014a35~~}} dicuntur elementa, et omnino quae demonstrationum; nam prime demonstrationes et in pluribus demonstrationibus exis{{bk\|~~1014b1~~}}{{p\|96}}tentes, hae elementa demonstrationum dicuntur; sunt autem tales sillogismi primi rex tribus * per unum medium.		\|<span id=c3></span>Elementum dicitur ex quo componitur primo inexistente indivisibili specie in aliam speciem, ut vocis elementa ex quibus vox componitur et in quae dividitur ultima, illa vero non adhuc in alias voces ab ipsis specie diversas. Sed et si dividantur, {{a\|bk1014a30\|↵}} particule eiusdem speciei, ut aque particula aqua; sed non sillabe. Similiter autem et corporum elementa dicunt dicentes in quae dividuntur corpora ultima, illa autem non adhuc in alia specie differentia corpora; et sive unum sive plura talia, haec elementa dicunt. Propinque autem et quae dyagrammatum {{a\|bk1014a35\|↵}} dicuntur elementa, et omnino quae demonstrationum; nam prime demonstrationes et in pluribus demonstrationibus exis{{a\|bk1014b1\|↵}}{{p\|96}}tentes, hae elementa demonstrationum dicuntur; sunt autem tales sillogismi primi rex tribus * per unum medium.

	\|'''Chapter 3'''. <span id=jp411></span> ''Element'' means (1) the primary component immanent in a thing, and indivisible in kind into other kinds; e.g. the elements of speech are the parts of which speech consists and into which it is ultimately divided, while they are no longer divided into other forms of speech different in kind from them. If they are divided, their parts are of the same kind, as a part of water is water (while a part of the syllable is not a syllable). Similarly those who speak of the elements of bodies mean the things into which bodies are ultimately divided, while they are no longer divided into other things differing in kind; and whether the things of this sort are one or more, they call these elements. The so-called elements of geometrical proofs, and in general the elements of demonstrations, have a similar character; for the primary demonstrations, each of which is implied in ['''14b'''] many demonstrations, are called elements of demonstrations; and the primary syllogisms, which have three terms and proceed by means of one middle, are of this nature.		\|'''Chapter 3'''. <span id=jp411></span> ''Element'' means (1) the primary component immanent in a thing, and indivisible in kind into other kinds; e.g. the elements of speech are the parts of which speech consists and into which it is ultimately divided, while they are no longer divided into other forms of speech different in kind from them. If they are divided, their parts are of the same kind, as a part of water is water (while a part of the syllable is not a syllable). Similarly those who speak of the elements of bodies mean the things into which bodies are ultimately divided, while they are no longer divided into other things differing in kind; and whether the things of this sort are one or more, they call these elements. The so-called elements of geometrical proofs, and in general the elements of demonstrations, have a similar character; for the primary demonstrations, each of which is implied in ['''14b'''] many demonstrations, are called elements of demonstrations; and the primary syllogisms, which have three terms and proceed by means of one middle, are of this nature.

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	\|Et transferentes autem elementum vocant hinc: quodcum{{bk\|~~1014b5~~}}quae unum ens et parvum ad multa fuerit utile; quapropter et parvum et simplex et indivisibile dicitur elementum. Unde venit maxime universalia elementa esse, quia unumquodque eorum unum ens et simplex in multis inest aut omnibus aut quam plurimis, et unum et punctum principia quibusdam videri {{bk\|~~1014b10~~}} esse. Quoniam ergo vocata genera universalia * et indivisibilia (una enim est ipsorum ratio), elementa genera dicunt aliqui, no et magis quam differentiam, quoniam universale magis genus; nam cui differentia inest, et genus * sequitur, sed cui genus, non omne differentia. Omnium autem commune * esse elemen{{bk\|~~101b15~~}}tum cuiuslibet quod primo inest cuique.		\|Et transferentes autem elementum vocant hinc: quodcum{{a\|bk1014b5\|↵}}quae unum ens et parvum ad multa fuerit utile; quapropter et parvum et simplex et indivisibile dicitur elementum. Unde venit maxime universalia elementa esse, quia unumquodque eorum unum ens et simplex in multis inest aut omnibus aut quam plurimis, et unum et punctum principia quibusdam videri {{a\|bk1014b10\|↵}} esse. Quoniam ergo vocata genera universalia * et indivisibilia (una enim est ipsorum ratio), elementa genera dicunt aliqui, no et magis quam differentiam, quoniam universale magis genus; nam cui differentia inest, et genus * sequitur, sed cui genus, non omne differentia. Omnium autem commune * esse elemen{{a\|bk101b15\|↵}}tum cuiuslibet quod primo inest cuique.

	\|<span id=jp412></span> (2) People also transfer the word ''element'' from this meaning and apply it to that which, being one and small, is useful for many purposes; for which reason what is small and simple and indivisible is called an element. Hence come the facts that the most universal things are elements (because each of them being one and simple is present in a plurality of things, either in all or in as many as possible), and that unity and the point are thought by some to be first principles. Now, since the so-called genera are universal and indivisible (for there is no definition of them), some say the genera are elements, and more so than the differentia, because the genus is more universal; for where the differentia is present, the genus accompanies it, but where the genus is present, the differentia is not always so. It is common to all the meanings that the element of each thing is the first component immanent in each.		\|<span id=jp412></span> (2) People also transfer the word ''element'' from this meaning and apply it to that which, being one and small, is useful for many purposes; for which reason what is small and simple and indivisible is called an element. Hence come the facts that the most universal things are elements (because each of them being one and simple is present in a plurality of things, either in all or in as many as possible), and that unity and the point are thought by some to be first principles. Now, since the so-called genera are universal and indivisible (for there is no definition of them), some say the genera are elements, and more so than the differentia, because the genus is more universal; for where the differentia is present, the genus accompanies it, but where the genus is present, the differentia is not always so. It is common to all the meanings that the element of each thing is the first component immanent in each.

Edward Ockham at 16:34, 9 March 2014

2014-03-09T16:34:46Z

New page

==Chapter 3 Element==
{| border=1 cellpadding=10
!valign = top width=45%|Latin
!valign = top width=55%|English
|- valign = top
|Elementum dicitur ex quo componitur primo inexistente indivisibili specie in aliam speciem, ut vocis elementa ex quibus vox componitur et in quae dividitur ultima, illa vero non adhuc in alias voces ab ipsis specie diversas. Sed et si dividantur, {{bk|1014a30}} particule eiusdem speciei, ut aque particula aqua; sed non sillabe. Similiter autem et corporum elementa dicunt dicentes in quae dividuntur corpora ultima, illa autem non adhuc in alia specie differentia corpora; et sive unum sive plura talia, haec elementa dicunt. Propinque autem et quae dyagrammatum {{bk|1014a35}} dicuntur elementa, et omnino quae demonstrationum; nam prime demonstrationes et in pluribus demonstrationibus exis{{bk|1014b1}}{{p|96}}tentes, hae elementa demonstrationum dicuntur; sunt autem tales sillogismi primi rex tribus * per unum medium.

|'''Chapter 3'''. ''Element'' means (1) the primary component immanent in a thing, and indivisible in kind into other kinds; e.g. the elements of speech are the parts of which speech consists and into which it is ultimately divided, while they are no longer divided into other forms of speech different in kind from them. If they are divided, their parts are of the same kind, as a part of water is water (while a part of the syllable is not a syllable). Similarly those who speak of the elements of bodies mean the things into which bodies are ultimately divided, while they are no longer divided into other things differing in kind; and whether the things of this sort are one or more, they call these elements. The so-called elements of geometrical proofs, and in general the elements of demonstrations, have a similar character; for the primary demonstrations, each of which is implied in ['''14b'''] many demonstrations, are called elements of demonstrations; and the primary syllogisms, which have three terms and proceed by means of one middle, are of this nature.

|- valign = top
|Et transferentes autem elementum vocant hinc: quodcum{{bk|1014b5}}quae unum ens et parvum ad multa fuerit utile; quapropter et parvum et simplex et indivisibile dicitur elementum. Unde venit maxime universalia elementa esse, quia unumquodque eorum unum ens et simplex in multis inest aut omnibus aut quam plurimis, et unum et punctum principia quibusdam videri {{bk|1014b10}} esse. Quoniam ergo vocata genera universalia * et indivisibilia (una enim est ipsorum ratio), elementa genera dicunt aliqui, no et magis quam differentiam, quoniam universale magis genus; nam cui differentia inest, et genus * sequitur, sed cui genus, non omne differentia. Omnium autem commune * esse elemen{{bk|101b15}}tum cuiuslibet quod primo inest cuique.

| (2) People also transfer the word ''element'' from this meaning and apply it to that which, being one and small, is useful for many purposes; for which reason what is small and simple and indivisible is called an element. Hence come the facts that the most universal things are elements (because each of them being one and simple is present in a plurality of things, either in all or in as many as possible), and that unity and the point are thought by some to be first principles. Now, since the so-called genera are universal and indivisible (for there is no definition of them), some say the genera are elements, and more so than the differentia, because the genus is more universal; for where the differentia is present, the genus accompanies it, but where the genus is present, the differentia is not always so. It is common to all the meanings that the element of each thing is the first component immanent in each.
|}
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==Notes==
{{reflist}}
</noinclude>