Authors/Aristotle/metaphysics/l5/c18 - Revision history

Edward Ockham: /* Chapter 18 That in virtue of which */

2015-02-21T22:44:18Z

Chapter 18 That in virtue of which

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	==Chapter 18 That in virtue of which==		==Chapter 18 That in virtue of which==
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			\|τὸ καθ᾽ ὃ λέγεται πολλαχῶς, ἕνα μὲν τρόπον τὸ εἶδος [15] καὶ ἡ οὐσία ἑκάστου πράγματος, οἷον καθ᾽ ὃ ἀγαθός, αὐτὸ ἀγαθόν, ἕνα δὲ ἐν ᾧ πρώτῳ πέφυκε γίγνεσθαι, οἷον τὸ χρῶμα ἐν τῇ ἐπιφανείᾳ. τὸ μὲν οὖν πρώτως λεγόμενον καθ᾽ ὃ τὸ εἶδός ἐστι, δευτέρως δὲ ὡς ἡ ὕλη ἑκάστου καὶ τὸ ὑποκείμενον ἑκάστῳ πρῶτον. ὅλως δὲ τὸ καθ᾽ ὃ ἰσαχῶς καὶ [20] τὸ αἴτιον ὑπάρξει: κατὰ τί γὰρ ἐλήλυθεν ἢ οὗ ἕνεκα ἐλήλυθε λέγεται, καὶ κατὰ τί παραλελόγισται ἢ συλλελόγισται, ἢ τί τὸ αἴτιον τοῦ συλλογισμοῦ ἢ παραλογισμοῦ. ἔτι δὲ τὸ καθ᾽ ὃ τὸ κατὰ θέσιν λέγεται, καθ᾽ ὃ ἕστηκεν ἢ καθ᾽ ὃ βαδίζει: πάντα γὰρ ταῦτα τόπον σημαίνει καὶ θέσιν.

	\|<span id=c18></span>* Secundum quod dicitur multipliciter, uno quidem modo species et substantia cuiusque rei, ut secundum quod {{a\|bk1022a15\|↵}} bonus per se bonum, alio vero in quo primo aptum natum est fieri, ut color in superficie. Primo quidem igitur dictum secundum quod species est, secundo autem ut materia cuiusque et subiectum unicuique primum. Omnino vero ipsum secundum quod totiens et causa existet; nam secundum quid {{a\|bk1022a20\|↵}} venit aut cuius causa venit dicitur, et secundum quid paralogizatum est aut sillogizatum est aut quia causa sillogismi * aut {{p\|116}} paralogismi. Amplius secundum quod quod secundum positionem dicitur, secundum quod stetit aut secundum quod uadit; haec namque omnia positionem significant et locum.		\|<span id=c18></span>* Secundum quod dicitur multipliciter, uno quidem modo species et substantia cuiusque rei, ut secundum quod {{a\|bk1022a15\|↵}} bonus per se bonum, alio vero in quo primo aptum natum est fieri, ut color in superficie. Primo quidem igitur dictum secundum quod species est, secundo autem ut materia cuiusque et subiectum unicuique primum. Omnino vero ipsum secundum quod totiens et causa existet; nam secundum quid {{a\|bk1022a20\|↵}} venit aut cuius causa venit dicitur, et secundum quid paralogizatum est aut sillogizatum est aut quia causa sillogismi * aut {{p\|116}} paralogismi. Amplius secundum quod quod secundum positionem dicitur, secundum quod stetit aut secundum quod uadit; haec namque omnia positionem significant et locum.

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			\|ὥστε καὶ [25] τὸ καθ᾽ αὑτὸ πολλαχῶς ἀνάγκη λέγεσθαι. ἓν μὲν γὰρ καθ᾽ αὑτὸ τὸ τί ἦν εἶναι ἑκάστῳ, οἷον ὁ Καλλίας καθ᾽ αὑτὸν Καλλίας καὶ τὸ τί ἦν εἶναι Καλλίᾳ: ἓν δὲ ὅσα ἐν τῷ τί ἐστιν ὑπάρχει, οἷον ζῷον ὁ Καλλίας καθ᾽ αὑτόν: ἐν γὰρ τῷ λόγῳ ἐνυπάρχει τὸ ζῷον: ζῷον γάρ τι ὁ Καλλίας. ἔτι [30] δὲ εἰ ἐν αὑτῷ δέδεκται πρώτῳ ἢ τῶν αὑτοῦ τινί, οἷον ἡ ἐπιφάνεια λευκὴ καθ᾽ ἑαυτήν, καὶ ζῇ ὁ ἄνθρωπος καθ᾽ αὑτόν: ἡ γὰρ ψυχὴ μέρος τι τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, ἐν ᾗ πρώτῃ τὸ ζῆν. ἔτι οὗ μὴ ἔστιν ἄλλο αἴτιον: τοῦ γὰρ ἀνθρώπου πολλὰ αἴτια, τὸ ζῷον, τὸ δίπουν, ἀλλ᾽ ὅμως καθ᾽ αὑτὸν ἄνθρωπος ὁ ἄνθρωπός [35] ἐστιν. ἔτι ὅσα μόνῳ ὑπάρχει καὶ ᾗ μόνον δι᾽ αὐτὸ κεχωρισμένον καθ᾽ αὑτό. [1022β] [1]

	\|{{a\|bk1022a25\|↵}} Quare et secundum se multipliciter dici est necesse. Uno quidem enim secundum se quod quid erat esse unicuique, ut Callias * et quod quid erat esse Calliam. Alio vero quaecumque in eo quod quid est existunt, ut animal Callias secundum se; nam in ratione inest animal; animal enim quoddam Callias. {{a\|bk1022a30\|↵}} amplius autem si in ipso ostensum est primo aut in ipsius aliquo, ut superficies alba secundum se, et vivens secundum se homo; anima namque pars quaedam est hominis, in qua prima est ipsum vivere. Amplius cuius non est aliqua alia causa; hominis enim multe sunt causae, animal, bipes, at tamen secun{{a\|bk1022a35\|↵}}dum se homo homo est. Amplius quaecumque soli insunt, et in quantum solum quia separatum secundum se.		\|{{a\|bk1022a25\|↵}} Quare et secundum se multipliciter dici est necesse. Uno quidem enim secundum se quod quid erat esse unicuique, ut Callias * et quod quid erat esse Calliam. Alio vero quaecumque in eo quod quid est existunt, ut animal Callias secundum se; nam in ratione inest animal; animal enim quoddam Callias. {{a\|bk1022a30\|↵}} amplius autem si in ipso ostensum est primo aut in ipsius aliquo, ut superficies alba secundum se, et vivens secundum se homo; anima namque pars quaedam est hominis, in qua prima est ipsum vivere. Amplius cuius non est aliqua alia causa; hominis enim multe sunt causae, animal, bipes, at tamen secun{{a\|bk1022a35\|↵}}dum se homo homo est. Amplius quaecumque soli insunt, et in quantum solum quia separatum secundum se.

	\|<span id=jp507></span> Therefore "in virtue of itself" must likewise have several meanings. The following belong to a thing in virtue of itself: (1) the essence of each thing, e.g. Callias is in virtue of himself Callias and what it was to be Callias; (2) whatever is present in the ''what'' , e.g. Callias is in virtue of himself an animal. For ''animal'' is present in his definition; Callias is a particular animal. (3) Whatever attribute a thing receives in itself directly or in one of its parts; e.g. a surface is white in virtue of itself, and a man is alive in virtue of himself; for the soul, in which life directly resides, is a part of the man. (4) That which has no cause other than itself; man has more than one cause ''animal, two-footed'' but yet man is man in virtue of himself. (5) Whatever attributes belong to a thing alone, and in so far as they belong to it merely by virtue of itself considered apart by itself.		\|<span id=jp507></span> Therefore "in virtue of itself" must likewise have several meanings. The following belong to a thing in virtue of itself: (1) the essence of each thing, e.g. Callias is in virtue of himself Callias and what it was to be Callias; (2) whatever is present in the ''what'' , e.g. Callias is in virtue of himself an animal. For ''animal'' is present in his definition; Callias is a particular animal. (3) Whatever attribute a thing receives in itself directly or in one of its parts; e.g. a surface is white in virtue of itself, and a man is alive in virtue of himself; for the soul, in which life directly resides, is a part of the man. (4) That which has no cause other than itself; man has more than one cause ''animal, two-footed'' but yet man is man in virtue of himself. (5) Whatever attributes belong to a thing alone, and in so far as they belong to it merely by virtue of itself considered apart by itself.

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Edward Ockham: Text replace - "{{bk\|(.*)}}" to "{{a|bk$1|↵}}"

2014-03-13T11:27:05Z

Text replace - "{{bk\|(.*)}}" to "{{a|bk$1|↵}}"

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	\|<span id=c18></span>* Secundum quod dicitur multipliciter, uno quidem modo species et substantia cuiusque rei, ut secundum quod {{bk\|~~1022a15~~}} bonus per se bonum, alio vero in quo primo aptum natum est fieri, ut color in superficie. Primo quidem igitur dictum secundum quod species est, secundo autem ut materia cuiusque et subiectum unicuique primum. Omnino vero ipsum secundum quod totiens et causa existet; nam secundum quid {{bk\|~~1022a20~~}} venit aut cuius causa venit dicitur, et secundum quid paralogizatum est aut sillogizatum est aut quia causa sillogismi * aut {{p\|116}} paralogismi. Amplius secundum quod quod secundum positionem dicitur, secundum quod stetit aut secundum quod uadit; haec namque omnia positionem significant et locum.		\|<span id=c18></span>* Secundum quod dicitur multipliciter, uno quidem modo species et substantia cuiusque rei, ut secundum quod {{a\|bk1022a15\|↵}} bonus per se bonum, alio vero in quo primo aptum natum est fieri, ut color in superficie. Primo quidem igitur dictum secundum quod species est, secundo autem ut materia cuiusque et subiectum unicuique primum. Omnino vero ipsum secundum quod totiens et causa existet; nam secundum quid {{a\|bk1022a20\|↵}} venit aut cuius causa venit dicitur, et secundum quid paralogizatum est aut sillogizatum est aut quia causa sillogismi * aut {{p\|116}} paralogismi. Amplius secundum quod quod secundum positionem dicitur, secundum quod stetit aut secundum quod uadit; haec namque omnia positionem significant et locum.

	\|'''Chapter 18.''' <span id=jp506></span> ''That in virtue of which'' has several meanings: (1) the form or substance of each thing, e.g. that in virtue of which a man is good is the good itself, (2) the proximate subject in which it is the nature of an attribute to be found, e.g. colour in a surface. ''That in virtue of which'' , then, in the primary sense is the form, and in a secondary sense the matter of each thing and the proximate substratum of each. In general ''that in virtue of which'' will found in the same number of senses as ''cause'' ; for we say indifferently (3) in virtue of what has he come? ''or'' for what end has he come? ''; and (4) in virtue of what has he inferred wrongly, or inferred?'' or "what is the cause of the inference, or of the wrong inference?" Further (5) Kath _ d is used in reference to position, e.g. ''at which he stands'' or along which he walks; for all such phrases indicate place and position.		\|'''Chapter 18.''' <span id=jp506></span> ''That in virtue of which'' has several meanings: (1) the form or substance of each thing, e.g. that in virtue of which a man is good is the good itself, (2) the proximate subject in which it is the nature of an attribute to be found, e.g. colour in a surface. ''That in virtue of which'' , then, in the primary sense is the form, and in a secondary sense the matter of each thing and the proximate substratum of each. In general ''that in virtue of which'' will found in the same number of senses as ''cause'' ; for we say indifferently (3) in virtue of what has he come? ''or'' for what end has he come? ''; and (4) in virtue of what has he inferred wrongly, or inferred?'' or "what is the cause of the inference, or of the wrong inference?" Further (5) Kath _ d is used in reference to position, e.g. ''at which he stands'' or along which he walks; for all such phrases indicate place and position.

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	\|{{bk\|~~1022a25~~}} Quare et secundum se multipliciter dici est necesse. Uno quidem enim secundum se quod quid erat esse unicuique, ut Callias * et quod quid erat esse Calliam. Alio vero quaecumque in eo quod quid est existunt, ut animal Callias secundum se; nam in ratione inest animal; animal enim quoddam Callias. {{bk\|~~1022a30~~}} amplius autem si in ipso ostensum est primo aut in ipsius aliquo, ut superficies alba secundum se, et vivens secundum se homo; anima namque pars quaedam est hominis, in qua prima est ipsum vivere. Amplius cuius non est aliqua alia causa; hominis enim multe sunt causae, animal, bipes, at tamen secun{{bk\|~~1022a35~~}}dum se homo homo est. Amplius quaecumque soli insunt, et in quantum solum quia separatum secundum se.		\|{{a\|bk1022a25\|↵}} Quare et secundum se multipliciter dici est necesse. Uno quidem enim secundum se quod quid erat esse unicuique, ut Callias * et quod quid erat esse Calliam. Alio vero quaecumque in eo quod quid est existunt, ut animal Callias secundum se; nam in ratione inest animal; animal enim quoddam Callias. {{a\|bk1022a30\|↵}} amplius autem si in ipso ostensum est primo aut in ipsius aliquo, ut superficies alba secundum se, et vivens secundum se homo; anima namque pars quaedam est hominis, in qua prima est ipsum vivere. Amplius cuius non est aliqua alia causa; hominis enim multe sunt causae, animal, bipes, at tamen secun{{a\|bk1022a35\|↵}}dum se homo homo est. Amplius quaecumque soli insunt, et in quantum solum quia separatum secundum se.

	\|<span id=jp507></span> Therefore "in virtue of itself" must likewise have several meanings. The following belong to a thing in virtue of itself: (1) the essence of each thing, e.g. Callias is in virtue of himself Callias and what it was to be Callias; (2) whatever is present in the ''what'' , e.g. Callias is in virtue of himself an animal. For ''animal'' is present in his definition; Callias is a particular animal. (3) Whatever attribute a thing receives in itself directly or in one of its parts; e.g. a surface is white in virtue of itself, and a man is alive in virtue of himself; for the soul, in which life directly resides, is a part of the man. (4) That which has no cause other than itself; man has more than one cause ''animal, two-footed'' but yet man is man in virtue of himself. (5) Whatever attributes belong to a thing alone, and in so far as they belong to it merely by virtue of itself considered apart by itself.		\|<span id=jp507></span> Therefore "in virtue of itself" must likewise have several meanings. The following belong to a thing in virtue of itself: (1) the essence of each thing, e.g. Callias is in virtue of himself Callias and what it was to be Callias; (2) whatever is present in the ''what'' , e.g. Callias is in virtue of himself an animal. For ''animal'' is present in his definition; Callias is a particular animal. (3) Whatever attribute a thing receives in itself directly or in one of its parts; e.g. a surface is white in virtue of itself, and a man is alive in virtue of himself; for the soul, in which life directly resides, is a part of the man. (4) That which has no cause other than itself; man has more than one cause ''animal, two-footed'' but yet man is man in virtue of himself. (5) Whatever attributes belong to a thing alone, and in so far as they belong to it merely by virtue of itself considered apart by itself.

Edward Ockham at 16:32, 9 March 2014

2014-03-09T16:32:25Z

New page

==Chapter 18 That in virtue of which==
{| border=1 cellpadding=10
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|* Secundum quod dicitur multipliciter, uno quidem modo species et substantia cuiusque rei, ut secundum quod {{bk|1022a15}} bonus per se bonum, alio vero in quo primo aptum natum est fieri, ut color in superficie. Primo quidem igitur dictum secundum quod species est, secundo autem ut materia cuiusque et subiectum unicuique primum. Omnino vero ipsum secundum quod totiens et causa existet; nam secundum quid {{bk|1022a20}} venit aut cuius causa venit dicitur, et secundum quid paralogizatum est aut sillogizatum est aut quia causa sillogismi * aut {{p|116}} paralogismi. Amplius secundum quod quod secundum positionem dicitur, secundum quod stetit aut secundum quod uadit; haec namque omnia positionem significant et locum.

|'''Chapter 18.''' ''That in virtue of which'' has several meanings: (1) the form or substance of each thing, e.g. that in virtue of which a man is good is the good itself, (2) the proximate subject in which it is the nature of an attribute to be found, e.g. colour in a surface. ''That in virtue of which'' , then, in the primary sense is the form, and in a secondary sense the matter of each thing and the proximate substratum of each. In general ''that in virtue of which'' will found in the same number of senses as ''cause'' ; for we say indifferently (3) in virtue of what has he come? ''or'' for what end has he come? ''; and (4) in virtue of what has he inferred wrongly, or inferred?'' or "what is the cause of the inference, or of the wrong inference?" Further (5) Kath _ d is used in reference to position, e.g. ''at which he stands'' or along which he walks; for all such phrases indicate place and position.

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|{{bk|1022a25}} Quare et secundum se multipliciter dici est necesse. Uno quidem enim secundum se quod quid erat esse unicuique, ut Callias * et quod quid erat esse Calliam. Alio vero quaecumque in eo quod quid est existunt, ut animal Callias secundum se; nam in ratione inest animal; animal enim quoddam Callias. {{bk|1022a30}} amplius autem si in ipso ostensum est primo aut in ipsius aliquo, ut superficies alba secundum se, et vivens secundum se homo; anima namque pars quaedam est hominis, in qua prima est ipsum vivere. Amplius cuius non est aliqua alia causa; hominis enim multe sunt causae, animal, bipes, at tamen secun{{bk|1022a35}}dum se homo homo est. Amplius quaecumque soli insunt, et in quantum solum quia separatum secundum se.

| Therefore "in virtue of itself" must likewise have several meanings. The following belong to a thing in virtue of itself: (1) the essence of each thing, e.g. Callias is in virtue of himself Callias and what it was to be Callias; (2) whatever is present in the ''what'' , e.g. Callias is in virtue of himself an animal. For ''animal'' is present in his definition; Callias is a particular animal. (3) Whatever attribute a thing receives in itself directly or in one of its parts; e.g. a surface is white in virtue of itself, and a man is alive in virtue of himself; for the soul, in which life directly resides, is a part of the man. (4) That which has no cause other than itself; man has more than one cause ''animal, two-footed'' but yet man is man in virtue of himself. (5) Whatever attributes belong to a thing alone, and in so far as they belong to it merely by virtue of itself considered apart by itself.
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==Notes==
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