Authors/Aristotle/metaphysics/l2/c1 - Revision history

Edward Ockham at 22:16, 21 February 2015

2015-02-21T22:16:17Z

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Edward Ockham: /* Chapter 1 */

2015-02-21T22:15:33Z

Chapter 1

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Edward Ockham: /* Chapter 1 */

2015-02-21T22:10:35Z

Chapter 1

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:10, 21 February 2015
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	[[File:Mulu-lang-cave.jpg\|thumb\|right\|260px\|''Sicut enim nicticoracum oculi ad lucem diei se habent, sic et anime nostre intellectus ad ea quae sunt omnium nature manifestissima''."For as the eyes of bats are to the blaze of day, so is the reason in our soul to the things which are by nature most evident of all"]]		[[File:Mulu-lang-cave.jpg\|thumb\|right\|260px\|''Sicut enim nicticoracum oculi ad lucem diei se habent, sic et anime nostre intellectus ad ea quae sunt omnium nature manifestissima''."For as the eyes of bats are to the blaze of day, so is the reason in our soul to the things which are by nature most evident of all"]]
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	{\| border=1 cellpadding=10		{\| border=1 cellpadding=10
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	\|METHAPHISICE ARISTOTILIS LIBER SECUNDUS		\|METHAPHISICE ARISTOTILIS LIBER SECUNDUS

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			\|[993α] [30] ἡ περὶ τῆς ἀληθείας θεωρία τῇ μὲν χαλεπὴ τῇ δὲ ῥᾳδία.

	\|{{p\|43}} De veritate theoria sic quidem difficilis est, sic vero faci{{a\|bk993a30\|↵}}lis.		\|{{p\|43}} De veritate theoria sic quidem difficilis est, sic vero faci{{a\|bk993a30\|↵}}lis.

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			\|σημεῖον δὲ τὸ μήτ᾽ ἀξίως μηδένα δύνασθαι θιγεῖν αὐτῆς μήτε πάντας ἀποτυγχάνειν, [993β] [1] ἀλλ᾽ ἕκαστον λέγειν τι περὶ τῆς φύσεως,

	\|''Signum autem'' est neque digne nullum adipisci ipsam {{a\|bk993b1\|↵}} posse nec omnes exsortes esse, sed unumquemque aliquid de natura dicere,		\|''Signum autem'' est neque digne nullum adipisci ipsam {{a\|bk993b1\|↵}} posse nec omnes exsortes esse, sed unumquemque aliquid de natura dicere,

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			\|καὶ καθ᾽ ἕνα μὲν ἢ μηθὲν ἢ μικρὸν ἐπιβάλλειν αὐτῇ, ἐκ πάντων δὲ συναθροιζομένων γίγνεσθαί τι μέγεθος:

	\|''Et secundum'' unum quidem nihil aut parum ei immittere, ex omnibus autem coarticulatis fieri magnitudinem aliquam.		\|''Et secundum'' unum quidem nihil aut parum ei immittere, ex omnibus autem coarticulatis fieri magnitudinem aliquam.

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			\|ὥστ᾽ εἴπερ ἔοικεν ἔχειν καθάπερ τυγχάνομεν παροιμιαζόμενοι, [5] τίς ἂν θύρας ἁμάρτοι; ταύτῃ μὲν ἂν εἴη ῥᾳδία, τὸ δ᾽ ὅλον τι ἔχειν καὶ μέρος μὴ δύνασθαι δηλοῖ τὸ χαλεπὸν αὐτῆς.

	\|''Quare si'' videtur habere ut proverbialiter dicimus fcin foribus quis delinquet?’, sic quidem utique erit facilis; {{a\|bk993b5\|↵}} ''habere autem totum et partem'' non posse difficultatem eius ostendit.		\|''Quare si'' videtur habere ut proverbialiter dicimus fcin foribus quis delinquet?’, sic quidem utique erit facilis; {{a\|bk993b5\|↵}} ''habere autem totum et partem'' non posse difficultatem eius ostendit.

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			\|ἴσως δὲ καὶ τῆς χαλεπότητος οὔσης κατὰ δύο τρόπους, οὐκ ἐν τοῖς πράγμασιν ἀλλ᾽ ἐν ἡμῖν τὸ αἴτιον αὐτῆς: ὥσπερ γὰρ τὰ τῶν νυκτερίδων ὄμματα πρὸς τὸ [10] φέγγος ἔχει τὸ μεθ᾽ ἡμέραν, οὕτω καὶ τῆς ἡμετέρας ψυχῆς ὁ νοῦς πρὸς τὰ τῇ φύσει φανερώτατα πάντων.

	\|''Forsan autem'' et difficultate secundum duos existente modos, non in rebus sed in nobis est eius causa. Sicut enim nicticoracum oculi ad lucem diei se habent, sic et anime nostre {{a\|bk993b10\|↵}} intellectus ad ea quae sunt omnium nature manifestissima.		\|''Forsan autem'' et difficultate secundum duos existente modos, non in rebus sed in nobis est eius causa. Sicut enim nicticoracum oculi ad lucem diei se habent, sic et anime nostre {{a\|bk993b10\|↵}} intellectus ad ea quae sunt omnium nature manifestissima.

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			\|οὐ μόνον δὲ χάριν ἔχειν δίκαιον τούτοις ὧν ἄν τις κοινώσαιτο ταῖς δόξαις, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς ἐπιπολαιότερον ἀποφηναμένοις: καὶ γὰρ οὗτοι συνεβάλοντό τι: τὴν γὰρ ἕξιν προήσκησαν ἡμῶν: [15] εἰ μὲν γὰρ Τιμόθεος μὴ ἐγένετο, πολλὴν ἂν μελοποιίαν οὐκ εἴχομεν: εἰ δὲ μὴ Φρῦνις, Τιμόθεος οὐκ ἂν ἐγένετο. τὸν αὐτὸν δὲ τρόπον καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν περὶ τῆς ἀληθείας ἀποφηναμένων: παρὰ μὲν γὰρ ἐνίων παρειλήφαμέν τινας δόξας, οἱ δὲ τοῦ γενέσθαι τούτους αἴτιοι γεγόνασιν.

	\|''Non solum autem hiis dicere'' gratiam iustum est quorum aliquis opinionibus communicaverit, sed et hiis qui adhuc superficialiter enuntiaverunt; et enim hii conferunt aliquid, nam habitum nostrum preexercitati sunt. Nam si Thimotheus {{a\|bk993b15\|↵}} non fuisset, multam melodiam non haberemus; si autem non Phrinis, thimotheus non fuisset. Eodem vero modo et de enun{{p\|44}}tiantibus veritatem; a quibusdam enim opiniones quasdam accepimus, sed alii ut hii forent causa fuerunt.		\|''Non solum autem hiis dicere'' gratiam iustum est quorum aliquis opinionibus communicaverit, sed et hiis qui adhuc superficialiter enuntiaverunt; et enim hii conferunt aliquid, nam habitum nostrum preexercitati sunt. Nam si Thimotheus {{a\|bk993b15\|↵}} non fuisset, multam melodiam non haberemus; si autem non Phrinis, thimotheus non fuisset. Eodem vero modo et de enun{{p\|44}}tiantibus veritatem; a quibusdam enim opiniones quasdam accepimus, sed alii ut hii forent causa fuerunt.

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			\|ὀρθῶς δ᾽ ἔχει καὶ τὸ καλεῖσθαι [20] τὴν φιλοσοφίαν ἐπιστήμην τῆς ἀληθείας. θεωρητικῆς μὲν γὰρ τέλος ἀλήθεια πρακτικῆς δ᾽ ἔργον: καὶ γὰρ ἂν τὸ πῶς ἔχει σκοπῶσιν, οὐ τὸ ἀΐδιον ἀλλ᾽ ὃ πρός τι καὶ νῦν θεωροῦσιν οἱ πρακτικοί.

	\|{{a\|bk993b20\|↵}} ''Vocari vero philosophiam veritatis'' scientiam recte habet. Nam theorice finis est veritas et practice opus; et enim si quomodo se habet intendant, non causam secundum se sed ad aliquid et nunc speculantur practici.		\|{{a\|bk993b20\|↵}} ''Vocari vero philosophiam veritatis'' scientiam recte habet. Nam theorice finis est veritas et practice opus; et enim si quomodo se habet intendant, non causam secundum se sed ad aliquid et nunc speculantur practici.

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			\|οὐκ ἴσμεν δὲ τὸ ἀληθὲς ἄνευ τῆς αἰτίας: ἕκαστον δὲ μάλιστα αὐτὸ τῶν ἄλλων καθ᾽ ὃ καὶ [25] τοῖς ἄλλοις ὑπάρχει τὸ συνώνυμον (οἷον τὸ πῦρ θερμότατον: καὶ γὰρ τοῖς ἄλλοις τὸ αἴτιον τοῦτο τῆς θερμότητος): ὥστε καὶ ἀληθέστατον τὸ τοῖς ὑστέροις αἴτιον τοῦ ἀληθέσιν εἶναι. διὸ τὰς τῶν ἀεὶ ὄντων ἀρχὰς ἀναγκαῖον ἀεὶ εἶναι ἀληθεστάτας (οὐ γάρ ποτε ἀληθεῖς, οὐδ᾽ ἐκείναις αἴτιόν τί ἐστι τοῦ [30] εἶναι, ἀλλ᾽ ἐκεῖναι τοῖς ἄλλοις), ὥσθ᾽ ἕκαστον ὡς ἔχει τοῦ εἶναι, οὕτω καὶ τῆς ἀληθείας.

	\|''Nescimus autem verum sine causa''. Unumquodque vero * rmaxime ipsum aliorum {{a\|bk993b25\|↵}} secundum quod et aliis inest univocatio, puta ignis * calidissimus; et enim est causa aliis hic caloris. * quare et verissimum quod posterioribus est causa ut sint vera. Quapropter semper existentium principia semper esse verissima est necesse; non {{a\|bk993b30\|↵}} enim quandoque vera nec illis causa aliquid est ut sint, sed illa aliis. Quare unumquodque sicut se habet ut sit, ita et ad veritatem.		\|''Nescimus autem verum sine causa''. Unumquodque vero * rmaxime ipsum aliorum {{a\|bk993b25\|↵}} secundum quod et aliis inest univocatio, puta ignis * calidissimus; et enim est causa aliis hic caloris. * quare et verissimum quod posterioribus est causa ut sint vera. Quapropter semper existentium principia semper esse verissima est necesse; non {{a\|bk993b30\|↵}} enim quandoque vera nec illis causa aliquid est ut sint, sed illa aliis. Quare unumquodque sicut se habet ut sit, ita et ad veritatem.

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Edward Ockham: Text replace - "{{bk\|(.*)}}" to "{{a|bk$1|↵}}"

2014-03-13T11:26:18Z

Text replace - "{{bk\|(.*)}}" to "{{a|bk$1|↵}}"

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:26, 13 March 2014
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	\|{{p\|43}} De veritate theoria sic quidem difficilis est, sic vero faci{{bk\|~~993a30~~}}lis.		\|{{p\|43}} De veritate theoria sic quidem difficilis est, sic vero faci{{a\|bk993a30\|↵}}lis.

	\|<span id=c1></span> '''Chapter 1'''. <span id=jp144></span>THE investigation of the truth is in one way hard, in another easy.		\|<span id=c1></span> '''Chapter 1'''. <span id=jp144></span>THE investigation of the truth is in one way hard, in another easy.

	\|- valign = top		\|- valign = top
	\|''Signum autem'' est neque digne nullum adipisci ipsam {{bk\|~~993b1~~}} posse nec omnes exsortes esse, sed unumquemque aliquid de natura dicere,		\|''Signum autem'' est neque digne nullum adipisci ipsam {{a\|bk993b1\|↵}} posse nec omnes exsortes esse, sed unumquemque aliquid de natura dicere,

	\|<span id=jp145></span>An indication of this is found in the fact that no one is able to attain the truth adequately, while, on the other hand, we do not collectively fail, but every one says something true about the nature of things,		\|<span id=jp145></span>An indication of this is found in the fact that no one is able to attain the truth adequately, while, on the other hand, we do not collectively fail, but every one says something true about the nature of things,
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	\|''Quare si'' videtur habere ut proverbialiter dicimus fcin foribus quis delinquet?’, sic quidem utique erit facilis; {{bk\|~~993b5~~}} ''habere autem totum et partem'' non posse difficultatem eius ostendit.		\|''Quare si'' videtur habere ut proverbialiter dicimus fcin foribus quis delinquet?’, sic quidem utique erit facilis; {{a\|bk993b5\|↵}} ''habere autem totum et partem'' non posse difficultatem eius ostendit.

	\|<span id=jp147></span>Therefore, since the truth seems to be like the proverbial door, which no one can fail to hit, in this respect it must be easy, <span id=jp148></span>but the fact that we can have a whole truth and not the particular part we aim at shows the difficulty of it.		\|<span id=jp147></span>Therefore, since the truth seems to be like the proverbial door, which no one can fail to hit, in this respect it must be easy, <span id=jp148></span>but the fact that we can have a whole truth and not the particular part we aim at shows the difficulty of it.

	\|- valign = top		\|- valign = top
	\|''Forsan autem'' et difficultate secundum duos existente modos, non in rebus sed in nobis est eius causa. Sicut enim nicticoracum oculi ad lucem diei se habent, sic et anime nostre {{bk\|~~993b10~~}} intellectus ad ea quae sunt omnium nature manifestissima.		\|''Forsan autem'' et difficultate secundum duos existente modos, non in rebus sed in nobis est eius causa. Sicut enim nicticoracum oculi ad lucem diei se habent, sic et anime nostre {{a\|bk993b10\|↵}} intellectus ad ea quae sunt omnium nature manifestissima.

	\|<span id=jp149></span>Perhaps, too, as difficulties are of two kinds, the cause of the present difficulty is not in the facts but in us. For as the eyes of bats are to the blaze of day, so is the reason in our soul to the things which are by nature most evident of all.		\|<span id=jp149></span>Perhaps, too, as difficulties are of two kinds, the cause of the present difficulty is not in the facts but in us. For as the eyes of bats are to the blaze of day, so is the reason in our soul to the things which are by nature most evident of all.

	\|- valign = top		\|- valign = top
	\|''Non solum autem hiis dicere'' gratiam iustum est quorum aliquis opinionibus communicaverit, sed et hiis qui adhuc superficialiter enuntiaverunt; et enim hii conferunt aliquid, nam habitum nostrum preexercitati sunt. Nam si Thimotheus {{bk\|~~993b15~~}} non fuisset, multam melodiam non haberemus; si autem non Phrinis, thimotheus non fuisset. Eodem vero modo et de enun{{p\|44}}tiantibus veritatem; a quibusdam enim opiniones quasdam accepimus, sed alii ut hii forent causa fuerunt.		\|''Non solum autem hiis dicere'' gratiam iustum est quorum aliquis opinionibus communicaverit, sed et hiis qui adhuc superficialiter enuntiaverunt; et enim hii conferunt aliquid, nam habitum nostrum preexercitati sunt. Nam si Thimotheus {{a\|bk993b15\|↵}} non fuisset, multam melodiam non haberemus; si autem non Phrinis, thimotheus non fuisset. Eodem vero modo et de enun{{p\|44}}tiantibus veritatem; a quibusdam enim opiniones quasdam accepimus, sed alii ut hii forent causa fuerunt.

	\|<span id=jp150></span>It is just that we should be grateful, not only to those with whose views we may agree, but also to those who have expressed more superficial views; for these also contributed something, by developing before us the powers of thought. It is true that if there had been no Timotheus we should have been without much of our lyric poetry; but if there had been no Phrynis there would have been no Timotheus. The same holds good of those who have expressed views about the truth; for from some thinkers we have inherited certain opinions, while the others have been responsible for the appearance of the former.		\|<span id=jp150></span>It is just that we should be grateful, not only to those with whose views we may agree, but also to those who have expressed more superficial views; for these also contributed something, by developing before us the powers of thought. It is true that if there had been no Timotheus we should have been without much of our lyric poetry; but if there had been no Phrynis there would have been no Timotheus. The same holds good of those who have expressed views about the truth; for from some thinkers we have inherited certain opinions, while the others have been responsible for the appearance of the former.

	\|- valign = top		\|- valign = top
	\|{{bk\|~~993b20~~}} ''Vocari vero philosophiam veritatis'' scientiam recte habet. Nam theorice finis est veritas et practice opus; et enim si quomodo se habet intendant, non causam secundum se sed ad aliquid et nunc speculantur practici.		\|{{a\|bk993b20\|↵}} ''Vocari vero philosophiam veritatis'' scientiam recte habet. Nam theorice finis est veritas et practice opus; et enim si quomodo se habet intendant, non causam secundum se sed ad aliquid et nunc speculantur practici.

	\|<span id=jp151></span>It is right also that philosophy should be called knowledge of the truth. For the end of theoretical knowledge is truth, while that of practical knowledge is action (for even if they consider how things are, practical men do not study the eternal, but what is relative and in the present).		\|<span id=jp151></span>It is right also that philosophy should be called knowledge of the truth. For the end of theoretical knowledge is truth, while that of practical knowledge is action (for even if they consider how things are, practical men do not study the eternal, but what is relative and in the present).

	\|- valign = top		\|- valign = top
	\|''Nescimus autem verum sine causa''. Unumquodque vero * rmaxime ipsum aliorum {{bk\|~~993b25~~}} secundum quod et aliis inest univocatio, puta ignis * calidissimus; et enim est causa aliis hic caloris. * quare et verissimum quod posterioribus est causa ut sint vera. Quapropter semper existentium principia semper esse verissima est necesse; non {{bk\|~~993b30~~}} enim quandoque vera nec illis causa aliquid est ut sint, sed illa aliis. Quare unumquodque sicut se habet ut sit, ita et ad veritatem.		\|''Nescimus autem verum sine causa''. Unumquodque vero * rmaxime ipsum aliorum {{a\|bk993b25\|↵}} secundum quod et aliis inest univocatio, puta ignis * calidissimus; et enim est causa aliis hic caloris. * quare et verissimum quod posterioribus est causa ut sint vera. Quapropter semper existentium principia semper esse verissima est necesse; non {{a\|bk993b30\|↵}} enim quandoque vera nec illis causa aliquid est ut sint, sed illa aliis. Quare unumquodque sicut se habet ut sit, ita et ad veritatem.

	\|Now we do not know a truth without its cause; and a thing has a quality in a higher degree than other things if in virtue of it the similar quality belongs to the other things as well (e.g. fire is the hottest of things; for it is the cause of the heat of all other things); so that that causes derivative truths to be true is most true. Hence the principles of eternal things must be always most true (for they are not merely sometimes true, nor is there any cause of their being, but they themselves are the cause of the being of other things), so that as each thing is in respect of being, so is it in respect of truth.		\|Now we do not know a truth without its cause; and a thing has a quality in a higher degree than other things if in virtue of it the similar quality belongs to the other things as well (e.g. fire is the hottest of things; for it is the cause of the heat of all other things); so that that causes derivative truths to be true is most true. Hence the principles of eternal things must be always most true (for they are not merely sometimes true, nor is there any cause of their being, but they themselves are the cause of the being of other things), so that as each thing is in respect of being, so is it in respect of truth.

Edward Ockham: /* Chapter 1 */

2014-03-09T15:09:28Z

Chapter 1

New page

==Chapter 1==
[[File:Mulu-lang-cave.jpg|thumb|right|260px|''Sicut enim nicticoracum oculi ad lucem diei se habent, sic et anime nostre intellectus ad ea quae sunt omnium nature manifestissima''."For as the eyes of bats are to the blaze of day, so is the reason in our soul to the things which are by nature most evident of all"]]
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{| border=1 cellpadding=10
!valign = top width=45%|Latin
!valign = top width=55%|English
|- valign = top
|METHAPHISICE ARISTOTILIS LIBER SECUNDUS

|Aristotle Metaphysics Book 2 (A1)

|- valign = top
|{{p|43}} De veritate theoria sic quidem difficilis est, sic vero faci{{bk|993a30}}lis.

| '''Chapter 1'''. THE investigation of the truth is in one way hard, in another easy.

|- valign = top
|''Signum autem'' est neque digne nullum adipisci ipsam {{bk|993b1}} posse nec omnes exsortes esse, sed unumquemque aliquid de natura dicere,

|An indication of this is found in the fact that no one is able to attain the truth adequately, while, on the other hand, we do not collectively fail, but every one says something true about the nature of things,

|- valign = top
|''Et secundum'' unum quidem nihil aut parum ei immittere, ex omnibus autem coarticulatis fieri magnitudinem aliquam.

|And while individually we contribute little or nothing to the truth, by the union of all a considerable amount is amassed.

|- valign = top
|''Quare si'' videtur habere ut proverbialiter dicimus fcin foribus quis delinquet?’, sic quidem utique erit facilis; {{bk|993b5}} ''habere autem totum et partem'' non posse difficultatem eius ostendit.

|Therefore, since the truth seems to be like the proverbial door, which no one can fail to hit, in this respect it must be easy, but the fact that we can have a whole truth and not the particular part we aim at shows the difficulty of it.

|- valign = top
|''Forsan autem'' et difficultate secundum duos existente modos, non in rebus sed in nobis est eius causa. Sicut enim nicticoracum oculi ad lucem diei se habent, sic et anime nostre {{bk|993b10}} intellectus ad ea quae sunt omnium nature manifestissima.

|Perhaps, too, as difficulties are of two kinds, the cause of the present difficulty is not in the facts but in us. For as the eyes of bats are to the blaze of day, so is the reason in our soul to the things which are by nature most evident of all.

|- valign = top
|''Non solum autem hiis dicere'' gratiam iustum est quorum aliquis opinionibus communicaverit, sed et hiis qui adhuc superficialiter enuntiaverunt; et enim hii conferunt aliquid, nam habitum nostrum preexercitati sunt. Nam si Thimotheus {{bk|993b15}} non fuisset, multam melodiam non haberemus; si autem non Phrinis, thimotheus non fuisset. Eodem vero modo et de enun{{p|44}}tiantibus veritatem; a quibusdam enim opiniones quasdam accepimus, sed alii ut hii forent causa fuerunt.

|It is just that we should be grateful, not only to those with whose views we may agree, but also to those who have expressed more superficial views; for these also contributed something, by developing before us the powers of thought. It is true that if there had been no Timotheus we should have been without much of our lyric poetry; but if there had been no Phrynis there would have been no Timotheus. The same holds good of those who have expressed views about the truth; for from some thinkers we have inherited certain opinions, while the others have been responsible for the appearance of the former.

|- valign = top
|{{bk|993b20}} ''Vocari vero philosophiam veritatis'' scientiam recte habet. Nam theorice finis est veritas et practice opus; et enim si quomodo se habet intendant, non causam secundum se sed ad aliquid et nunc speculantur practici.

|It is right also that philosophy should be called knowledge of the truth. For the end of theoretical knowledge is truth, while that of practical knowledge is action (for even if they consider how things are, practical men do not study the eternal, but what is relative and in the present).

|- valign = top
|''Nescimus autem verum sine causa''. Unumquodque vero * rmaxime ipsum aliorum {{bk|993b25}} secundum quod et aliis inest univocatio, puta ignis * calidissimus; et enim est causa aliis hic caloris. * quare et verissimum quod posterioribus est causa ut sint vera. Quapropter semper existentium principia semper esse verissima est necesse; non {{bk|993b30}} enim quandoque vera nec illis causa aliquid est ut sint, sed illa aliis. Quare unumquodque sicut se habet ut sit, ita et ad veritatem.

|Now we do not know a truth without its cause; and a thing has a quality in a higher degree than other things if in virtue of it the similar quality belongs to the other things as well (e.g. fire is the hottest of things; for it is the cause of the heat of all other things); so that that causes derivative truths to be true is most true. Hence the principles of eternal things must be always most true (for they are not merely sometimes true, nor is there any cause of their being, but they themselves are the cause of the being of other things), so that as each thing is in respect of being, so is it in respect of truth.

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==Notes==
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