Authors/Aristotle/metaphysics/l11/c7 - Revision history

Edward Ockham: /* Chapter 7 */

2015-02-21T23:08:03Z

Chapter 7

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:08, 21 February 2015
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	==Chapter 7==		==Chapter 7==
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			\|πᾶσα δ᾽ ἐπιστήμη ζητεῖ τινὰς ἀρχὰς καὶ αἰτίας περὶ ἕκαστον τῶν ὑφ᾽ αὑτὴν ἐπιστητῶν, [1064α] [1] οἷον ἰατρικὴ καὶ γυμναστικὴ καὶ τῶν λοιπῶν ἑκάστη τῶν ποιητικῶν καὶ μαθηματικῶν. ἑκάστη γὰρ τούτων περιγραψαμένη τι γένος αὑτῇ περὶ τοῦτο πραγματεύεται ὡς ὑπάρχον καὶ ὄν, οὐχ ᾗ δὲ ὄν, ἀλλ᾽ ἑτέρα τις αὕτη παρὰ ταύτας τὰς ἐπιστήμας ἐστὶν ἐπιστήμη.

	\|<span id=c7></span>Omnis autem scientia quaerit aliqua principia et causas circa unumquodque eorum quae sub ipsa scibilium, puta medicativa et exercitativa et reliquarum unaqueque factivarum et doc{{ln\|bk1064a1}}trinalium. Unaqueque enim harum circumscribens aliquod genus ipsi circa hoc negotiatur tamquam existens et ens, non in quantum autem ens; sed altera quaedam haec praeter has scientias est scientia.		\|<span id=c7></span>Omnis autem scientia quaerit aliqua principia et causas circa unumquodque eorum quae sub ipsa scibilium, puta medicativa et exercitativa et reliquarum unaqueque factivarum et doc{{ln\|bk1064a1}}trinalium. Unaqueque enim harum circumscribens aliquod genus ipsi circa hoc negotiatur tamquam existens et ens, non in quantum autem ens; sed altera quaedam haec praeter has scientias est scientia.

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			\|τῶν δὲ [5] λεχθεισῶν ἐπιστημῶν ἑκάστη λαβοῦσά πως τὸ τί ἐστιν ἐν ἑκάστῳ γένει πειρᾶται δεικνύναι τὰ λοιπὰ μαλακώτερον ἢ ἀκριβέστερον. λαμβάνουσι δὲ τὸ τί ἐστιν αἱ μὲν δι᾽ αἰσθήσεως αἱ δ᾽ ὑποτιθέμεναι: διὸ καὶ δῆλον ἐκ τῆς τοιαύτης ἐπαγωγῆς ὅτι τῆς οὐσίας καὶ τοῦ τί ἐστιν οὐκ ἔστιν ἀπόδειξις.

	\|Dictarum autem scientiarum unaqueque {{ln\|bk1064a5}} sumens aliqualiter quod quid est in unoquoque genere temptat ostendere reliqua debilius aut certius. Sumunt autem quod quid est hae quidem per sensum hae autem supponentes; propter quod et palam ex tali inductione quod substantiae et eius quod quid est non est demonstratio.		\|Dictarum autem scientiarum unaqueque {{ln\|bk1064a5}} sumens aliqualiter quod quid est in unoquoque genere temptat ostendere reliqua debilius aut certius. Sumunt autem quod quid est hae quidem per sensum hae autem supponentes; propter quod et palam ex tali inductione quod substantiae et eius quod quid est non est demonstratio.

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			\|[10] ἐπεὶ δ᾽ ἔστι τις ἡ περὶ φύσεως ἐπιστήμη, δῆλον ὅτι καὶ πρακτικῆς ἑτέρα καὶ ποιητικῆς ἔσται. ποιητικῆς μὲν γὰρ ἐν τῷ ποιοῦντι καὶ οὐ τῷ ποιουμένῳ τῆς κινήσεως ἡ ἀρχή, καὶ τοῦτ᾽ ἔστιν εἴτε τέχνη τις εἴτ᾽ ἄλλη τις δύναμις: ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τῆς πρακτικῆς οὐκ ἐν τῷ πρακτῷ μᾶλλον δ᾽ ἐν τοῖς [15] πράττουσιν ἡ κίνησις. ἡ δὲ τοῦ φυσικοῦ περὶ τὰ ἔχοντ᾽ ἐν ἑαυτοῖς κινήσεως ἀρχήν ἐστιν. ὅτι μὲν τοίνυν οὔτε πρακτικὴν οὔτε ποιητικὴν ἀλλὰ θεωρητικὴν ἀναγκαῖον εἶναι τὴν φυσικὴν ἐπιστήμην, δῆλον ἐκ τούτων (εἰς ἓν γάρ τι τούτων τῶν γενῶν ἀνάγκη πίπτειν):

	\|Quoniam autem est quaedam de natura scientia, palam quia {{ln\|bk1064a10}} et a practica altera et a factiva erit. Factive quidem enim in faciente et non in facto motus principium, et hoc est sive ars {{p\|232}} aliqua sive aliqua alia potentia. Similiter autem et practice non {{ln\|bk1064a15}} in agibili, magis autem in agentibus motus. Quae autem phisici circa habentia in ipsis motus principium est. Quod quidem igitur neque activam neque factivam sed speculativam necessarium esse naturalem scientiam, palam ex hiis. In unum enim aliquod horum generum necesse cadere ipsam.		\|Quoniam autem est quaedam de natura scientia, palam quia {{ln\|bk1064a10}} et a practica altera et a factiva erit. Factive quidem enim in faciente et non in facto motus principium, et hoc est sive ars {{p\|232}} aliqua sive aliqua alia potentia. Similiter autem et practice non {{ln\|bk1064a15}} in agibili, magis autem in agentibus motus. Quae autem phisici circa habentia in ipsis motus principium est. Quod quidem igitur neque activam neque factivam sed speculativam necessarium esse naturalem scientiam, palam ex hiis. In unum enim aliquod horum generum necesse cadere ipsam.

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			\|ἐπεὶ δὲ τὸ τί ἐστιν ἀναγκαῖον [20] ἑκάστῃ πως τῶν ἐπιστημῶν εἰδέναι καὶ τούτῳ χρῆσθαι ἀρχῇ, δεῖ μὴ λανθάνειν πῶς ὁριστέον τῷ φυσικῷ καὶ πῶς ὁ τῆς οὐσίας λόγος ληπτέος, πότερον ὡς τὸ σιμὸν ἢ μᾶλλον ὡς τὸ κοῖλον. τούτων γὰρ ὁ μὲν τοῦ σιμοῦ λόγος μετὰ τῆς ὕλης λέγεται τῆς τοῦ πράγματος, ὁ δὲ τοῦ κοίλου χωρὶς τῆς ὕλης: [25] ἡ γὰρ σιμότης ἐν ῥινὶ γίγνεται, διὸ καὶ ὁ λόγος αὐτῆς μετὰ ταύτης θεωρεῖται: τὸ σιμὸν γάρ ἐστι ῥὶς κοίλη. φανερὸν οὖν ὅτι καὶ σαρκὸς καὶ ὀφθαλμοῦ καὶ τῶν λοιπῶν μορίων μετὰ τῆς ὕλης ἀεὶ τὸν λόγον ἀποδοτέον.

	\|Quoniam autem {{ln\|bk1064a20}} quod quid est necessarium unicuique aliqualiter scientiarum scire et hoc uti principio, oportet non latere qualiter diffiniendum naturali et qualiter substantiae ratio sumenda, utrum ut simum aut magis ut concauum. Horum enim simi quidem ratio cum materia dicitur ea quae rei, quae autem concavi sine materia. {{ln\|bk1064a25}} simitas enim in naso fit, propter quod et ratio ipsius cum hoc dicta est; simum enim est nasus concavus. Manifestum igitur quod et carnis et oculi et reliquarum partium cum materia semper rationem reddendum.		\|Quoniam autem {{ln\|bk1064a20}} quod quid est necessarium unicuique aliqualiter scientiarum scire et hoc uti principio, oportet non latere qualiter diffiniendum naturali et qualiter substantiae ratio sumenda, utrum ut simum aut magis ut concauum. Horum enim simi quidem ratio cum materia dicitur ea quae rei, quae autem concavi sine materia. {{ln\|bk1064a25}} simitas enim in naso fit, propter quod et ratio ipsius cum hoc dicta est; simum enim est nasus concavus. Manifestum igitur quod et carnis et oculi et reliquarum partium cum materia semper rationem reddendum.

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			\|ἐπεὶ δ᾽ ἔστι τις ἐπιστήμη τοῦ ὄντος ᾗ ὂν καὶ χωριστόν, σκεπτέον πότερόν ποτε τῇ φυσικῆ [30] ι τὴν αὐτὴν θετέον εἶναι ταύτην ἢ μᾶλλον ἑτέραν. ἡ μὲν οὖν φυσικὴ περὶ τὰ κινήσεως ἔχοντ᾽ ἀρχὴν ἐν αὑτοῖς ἐστίν, ἡ δὲ μαθηματικὴ θεωρητικὴ μὲν καὶ περὶ μένοντά τις αὕτη, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ χωριστά. περὶ τὸ χωριστὸν ἄρα ὂν καὶ ἀκίνητον ἑτέρα τούτων ἀμφοτέρων τῶν ἐπιστημῶν ἔστι τις, εἴπερ [35] ὑπάρχει τις οὐσία τοιαύτη, λέγω δὲ χωριστὴ καὶ ἀκίνητος, ὅπερ πειρασόμεθα δεικνύναι. καὶ εἴπερ ἔστι τις τοιαύτη φύσις ἐν τοῖς οὖσιν, ἐνταῦθ᾽ ἂν εἴη που καὶ τὸ θεῖον, καὶ αὕτη ἂν εἴη πρώτη καὶ κυριωτάτη ἀρχή. [1064β] [1] δῆλον τοίνυν ὅτι τρία γένη τῶν θεωρητικῶν ἐπιστημῶν ἔστι, φυσική, μαθηματική, θεολογική.

	\|Quoniam autem est quaedam scientia entis in quantum ens {{ln\|bk1064a30}} et separabile, considerandum utrum quidem naturali eandem ponendum esse hanc aut magis alteram. Naturalis quidem igitur circa habentia motus principium in ipsis est; mathematica autem speculativa quidem et circa manentia quaedam haec, sed non separabilia. Circa separabile igitur ens et immobile altera {{ln\|bk1064a35}} ab hiis ambabus scientiis est aliqua, siquidem existit aliqua substantia talis, dico autem separabilis et immobilis, quod quidem temptabimus ostendere. Et siquidem est aliqua talis natura in {{ln\|bk1064b1}} entibus, hic utique erit alicubi et quod divinum, et haec utique erit primum et principalissimum principium. Palam igitur quod tria genera speculativarum scientiarum sunt: naturalis, mathematica, theologica.		\|Quoniam autem est quaedam scientia entis in quantum ens {{ln\|bk1064a30}} et separabile, considerandum utrum quidem naturali eandem ponendum esse hanc aut magis alteram. Naturalis quidem igitur circa habentia motus principium in ipsis est; mathematica autem speculativa quidem et circa manentia quaedam haec, sed non separabilia. Circa separabile igitur ens et immobile altera {{ln\|bk1064a35}} ab hiis ambabus scientiis est aliqua, siquidem existit aliqua substantia talis, dico autem separabilis et immobilis, quod quidem temptabimus ostendere. Et siquidem est aliqua talis natura in {{ln\|bk1064b1}} entibus, hic utique erit alicubi et quod divinum, et haec utique erit primum et principalissimum principium. Palam igitur quod tria genera speculativarum scientiarum sunt: naturalis, mathematica, theologica.

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			\|βέλτιστον μὲν οὖν τὸ τῶν θεωρητικῶν γένος, τούτων δ᾽ αὐτῶν ἡ τελευταία λεχθεῖσα: περὶ τὸ τιμιώτατον [5] γάρ ἐστι τῶν ὄντων, βελτίων δὲ καὶ χείρων ἑκάστη λέγεται κατὰ τὸ οἰκεῖον ἐπιστητόν.

	\|Optimum quidem igitur speculativarum genus, harum autem ipsarum ultima dicta; {{ln\|bk1064b5}} circa honorabilissimum enim est entium. Melior autem et dete{{p\|233}}rior unaqueque dicitur secundum proprium scibile.		\|Optimum quidem igitur speculativarum genus, harum autem ipsarum ultima dicta; {{ln\|bk1064b5}} circa honorabilissimum enim est entium. Melior autem et dete{{p\|233}}rior unaqueque dicitur secundum proprium scibile.

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			\|ἀπορήσειε δ᾽ ἄν τις πότερόν ποτε τὴν τοῦ ὄντος ᾗ ὂν ἐπιστήμην καθόλου δεῖ θεῖναι ἢ οὔ. τῶν μὲν γὰρ μαθηματικῶν ἑκάστη περὶ ἕν τι γένος ἀφωρισμένον ἐστίν, ἡ δὲ καθόλου κοινὴ περὶ πάντων. εἰ μὲν οὖν [10] αἱ φυσικαὶ οὐσίαι πρῶται τῶν ὄντων εἰσί, κἂν ἡ φυσικὴ πρώτη τῶν ἐπιστημῶν εἴη: εἰ δ᾽ ἔστιν ἑτέρα φύσις καὶ οὐσία χωριστὴ καὶ ἀκίνητος, ἑτέραν ἀνάγκη καὶ τὴν ἐπιστήμην αὐτῆς εἶναι καὶ προτέραν τῆς φυσικῆς καὶ καθόλου τῷ προτέραν. [15]

	\|Dubitabit autem utique quis utrum entis in quantum ens scientiam universalem oportet poni aut non. Mathematicarum quidem enim unaqueque circa unum aliquod genus determinatum est, quae autem universalis communiter de omnibus. Si quidem igitur naturales substantiae prime entium sunt, et naturalis utique {{ln\|bk1064b10}} prima scientiarum erit. Si autem est altera natura et substantia separabilis et immobilis, alteram necesse et scientiam ipsius esse et priorem naturali et universalem eo quod priorem.		\|Dubitabit autem utique quis utrum entis in quantum ens scientiam universalem oportet poni aut non. Mathematicarum quidem enim unaqueque circa unum aliquod genus determinatum est, quae autem universalis communiter de omnibus. Si quidem igitur naturales substantiae prime entium sunt, et naturalis utique {{ln\|bk1064b10}} prima scientiarum erit. Si autem est altera natura et substantia separabilis et immobilis, alteram necesse et scientiam ipsius esse et priorem naturali et universalem eo quod priorem.

	\|<span id=jp962></span>One might raise the question whether the science of being qua being is to be regarded as universal or not. Each of the mathematical sciences deals with some one determinate class of things, but universal mathematics applies alike to all. Now if natural substances are the first of existing things, physics must be the first of sciences; but if there is another entity and substance, separable and unmovable, the knowledge of it must be different and prior to physics and universal because it is prior.		\|<span id=jp962></span>One might raise the question whether the science of being qua being is to be regarded as universal or not. Each of the mathematical sciences deals with some one determinate class of things, but universal mathematics applies alike to all. Now if natural substances are the first of existing things, physics must be the first of sciences; but if there is another entity and substance, separable and unmovable, the knowledge of it must be different and prior to physics and universal because it is prior.

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	==Notes==		==Notes==
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Edward Ockham: Created page with "==Chapter 7== {| border=1 cellpadding=10 !valign = top width=45%|Latin !valign = top width=55%|English |- valign = top |Omnis autem scientia quaerit aliqua pri..."

2014-03-13T20:14:15Z

Created page with "==Chapter 7== {| border=1 cellpadding=10 !valign = top width=45%|Latin !valign = top width=55%|English |- valign = top |Omnis autem scientia quaerit aliqua pri..."

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==Chapter 7==
{| border=1 cellpadding=10
!valign = top width=45%|Latin
!valign = top width=55%|English
|- valign = top
|Omnis autem scientia quaerit aliqua principia et causas circa unumquodque eorum quae sub ipsa scibilium, puta medicativa et exercitativa et reliquarum unaqueque factivarum et doc{{ln|bk1064a1}}trinalium. Unaqueque enim harum circumscribens aliquod genus ipsi circa hoc negotiatur tamquam existens et ens, non in quantum autem ens; sed altera quaedam haec praeter has scientias est scientia.

|'''Chapter 7'''. Every science seeks certain principles and causes for each ['''64a'''] of its objects-e.g. medicine and gymnastics and each of the other sciences, whether productive or mathematical. For each of these marks off a certain class of things for itself and busies itself about this as about something existing and real,-not however qua real; the science that does this is another distinct from these.

|- valign = top
|Dictarum autem scientiarum unaqueque {{ln|bk1064a5}} sumens aliqualiter quod quid est in unoquoque genere temptat ostendere reliqua debilius aut certius. Sumunt autem quod quid est hae quidem per sensum hae autem supponentes; propter quod et palam ex tali inductione quod substantiae et eius quod quid est non est demonstratio.

|Of the sciences mentioned each gets somehow the ''what'' in some class of things and tries to prove the other truths, with more or less precision. Some get the ''what'' through perception, others by hypothesis; so that it is clear from an induction of this sort that there is no demonstration. of the substance or ''what'' .

|- valign = top
|Quoniam autem est quaedam de natura scientia, palam quia {{ln|bk1064a10}} et a practica altera et a factiva erit. Factive quidem enim in faciente et non in facto motus principium, et hoc est sive ars {{p|232}} aliqua sive aliqua alia potentia. Similiter autem et practice non {{ln|bk1064a15}} in agibili, magis autem in agentibus motus. Quae autem phisici circa habentia in ipsis motus principium est. Quod quidem igitur neque activam neque factivam sed speculativam necessarium esse naturalem scientiam, palam ex hiis. In unum enim aliquod horum generum necesse cadere ipsam.

|There is a science of nature, and evidently it must be different both from practical and from productive science. For in the case of productive science the principle of movement is in the producer and not in the product, and is either an art or some other faculty. And similarly in practical science the movement is not in the thing done, but rather in the doers. But the science of the natural philosopher deals with the things that have in themselves a principle of movement. It is clear from these facts, then, that natural science must be neither practical nor productive, but theoretical (for it must fall into some one of these classes).

|- valign = top
|Quoniam autem {{ln|bk1064a20}} quod quid est necessarium unicuique aliqualiter scientiarum scire et hoc uti principio, oportet non latere qualiter diffiniendum naturali et qualiter substantiae ratio sumenda, utrum ut simum aut magis ut concauum. Horum enim simi quidem ratio cum materia dicitur ea quae rei, quae autem concavi sine materia. {{ln|bk1064a25}} simitas enim in naso fit, propter quod et ratio ipsius cum hoc dicta est; simum enim est nasus concavus. Manifestum igitur quod et carnis et oculi et reliquarum partium cum materia semper rationem reddendum.

|And since each of the sciences must somehow know the ''what'' and use this as a principle, we must not fall to observe how the natural philosopher should define things and how he should state the definition of the essence-whether as akin to ''snub'' or rather to ''concave'' . For of these the definition of ''snub'' includes the matter of the thing, but that of ''concave'' is independent of the matter; for snubness is found in a nose, so that we look for its definition without eliminating the nose, for what is snub is a concave nose. Evidently then the definition of flesh also and of the eye and of the other parts must always be stated without eliminating the matter.

|- valign = top
|Quoniam autem est quaedam scientia entis in quantum ens {{ln|bk1064a30}} et separabile, considerandum utrum quidem naturali eandem ponendum esse hanc aut magis alteram. Naturalis quidem igitur circa habentia motus principium in ipsis est; mathematica autem speculativa quidem et circa manentia quaedam haec, sed non separabilia. Circa separabile igitur ens et immobile altera {{ln|bk1064a35}} ab hiis ambabus scientiis est aliqua, siquidem existit aliqua substantia talis, dico autem separabilis et immobilis, quod quidem temptabimus ostendere. Et siquidem est aliqua talis natura in {{ln|bk1064b1}} entibus, hic utique erit alicubi et quod divinum, et haec utique erit primum et principalissimum principium. Palam igitur quod tria genera speculativarum scientiarum sunt: naturalis, mathematica, theologica.

|Since there is a science of being qua being and capable of existing apart, we must consider whether this is to be regarded as the same as physics or rather as different. Physics deals with the things that have a principle of movement in themselves; mathematics is theoretical, and is a science that deals with things that are at rest, but its subjects cannot exist apart. Therefore about that which can exist apart and is unmovable there is a science different from both of these, if there is a substance of this nature (I mean separable and unmovable), as we shall try to prove there is. And if there is such a kind of thing in the world, here must surely be the divine, and this must be the first ['''64b'''] and most dominant principle. Evidently, then, there are three kinds of theoretical sciences-physics, mathematics, theology.

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|Optimum quidem igitur speculativarum genus, harum autem ipsarum ultima dicta; {{ln|bk1064b5}} circa honorabilissimum enim est entium. Melior autem et dete{{p|233}}rior unaqueque dicitur secundum proprium scibile.

|The class of theoretical sciences is the best, and of these themselves the last named is best; for it deals with the highest of existing things, and each science is called better or worse in virtue of its proper object.

|- valign = top
|Dubitabit autem utique quis utrum entis in quantum ens scientiam universalem oportet poni aut non. Mathematicarum quidem enim unaqueque circa unum aliquod genus determinatum est, quae autem universalis communiter de omnibus. Si quidem igitur naturales substantiae prime entium sunt, et naturalis utique {{ln|bk1064b10}} prima scientiarum erit. Si autem est altera natura et substantia separabilis et immobilis, alteram necesse et scientiam ipsius esse et priorem naturali et universalem eo quod priorem.

|One might raise the question whether the science of being qua being is to be regarded as universal or not. Each of the mathematical sciences deals with some one determinate class of things, but universal mathematics applies alike to all. Now if natural substances are the first of existing things, physics must be the first of sciences; but if there is another entity and substance, separable and unmovable, the knowledge of it must be different and prior to physics and universal because it is prior.

|}<noinclude>
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
</noinclude>