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	<id>http://logicmuseum.com/x/index.php?action=history&amp;feed=atom&amp;title=Authors%2FBuridan%2FSummulae_de_dialectica%2FLiber_4%2FCap2</id>
	<title>Authors/Buridan/Summulae de dialectica/Liber 4/Cap2 - Revision history</title>
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	<updated>2026-10-24T13:17:59Z</updated>
	<subtitle>Revision history for this page on the wiki</subtitle>
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	<entry>
		<id>http://logicmuseum.com/x/index.php?title=Authors/Buridan/Summulae_de_dialectica/Liber_4/Cap2&amp;diff=4241&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Edward Ockham at 18:02, 6 February 2012</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://logicmuseum.com/x/index.php?title=Authors/Buridan/Summulae_de_dialectica/Liber_4/Cap2&amp;diff=4241&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2012-02-06T18:02:09Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 13:02, 6 February 2012&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l82&quot;&gt;Line 82:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 82:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|- valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|- valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| Aliae autem sunt voces significativae quae ultra illos conceptus non significant per se res aliquas illis conceptibus conceptas, ut sunt copulae et negationes et signa distributiva. Unde istae propositiones &amp;#039;deus est deus&amp;#039; et &amp;#039;deus non est deus&amp;#039; nihil omnino aliud, plus aut minus significant ad extra quam iste terminus &amp;#039;deus&amp;#039;, dum tamen haec dictio &amp;#039;est&amp;#039; sumatur praecise ut copula, sicut post dicetur. Nec ista oratio &amp;#039;omnis homo est animal&amp;#039; plus vel minus vel aliud significat praeter conceptus animae quam ista &amp;#039;nullus homo est animal&amp;#039;.&amp;amp;nbsp;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| Aliae autem sunt voces significativae quae ultra illos conceptus non significant per se res aliquas illis conceptibus conceptas, ut sunt copulae et negationes et signa distributiva. Unde istae propositiones &amp;#039;deus est deus&amp;#039; et &amp;#039;deus non est deus&amp;#039; nihil omnino aliud, plus aut minus significant ad extra quam iste terminus &amp;#039;deus&amp;#039;, dum tamen haec dictio &amp;#039;est&amp;#039; sumatur praecise ut copula, sicut post dicetur. Nec ista oratio &amp;#039;omnis homo est animal&amp;#039; plus vel minus vel aliud significat praeter conceptus animae quam ista &amp;#039;nullus homo est animal&amp;#039;.&amp;amp;nbsp;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Now there are significative utterances which, aside from those concepts, do not signify &amp;#039;&amp;#039;per se&amp;#039;&amp;#039; some things conceived by those concepts, but which are copulas and negations and distributive signs.&amp;amp;nbsp;Hence the propositions &amp;quot;God is God&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;God is not God&amp;quot; signify absolutely nothing more or less external than is signified by the term &amp;#039;God,&amp;#039; so long as the word &amp;#039;is&amp;#039; is taken precisely as the copula as will be said later. Nor does &amp;quot;Every man is an animal&amp;quot; signify anything more or less, beyond a concept of the soul, than &amp;quot;No man is an animal.&amp;quot;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|- valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|- valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| Unde signa solum significant quo modo termini vocales et mentales eis correspondentes supponunt, nihil ultra significando. Et istae copulae &amp;#039;est&amp;#039; et &amp;#039;non est&amp;#039; significant diversos modos complectendi terminos mentales in formando propositiones mentales, et illi modi complectendi sunt conceptus complexivi pertinentes ad secundam operationem intellectus, prout ipsa addit super primam operationem. Et ita etiam istae dictiones &amp;#039;et&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;uel&lt;/del&gt;&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;si&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;ergo&amp;#039; et huius modi designant conceptus complexivos plurium propositionum simul, vel terminorum, in mente, et nihil ulterius ad extra. Et tales voces vocantur &amp;#039;pure syncategorematicae&amp;#039; quia non sunt significativae ad extra nisi cum aliis, ad istum sensum quod totum aggregatum ex dictionibus categorematicis et syncategorematicis significat bene res extra conceptas, sed hoc est ratione dictionum categorematicarum.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| Unde signa solum significant quo modo termini vocales et mentales eis correspondentes supponunt, nihil ultra significando. Et istae copulae &amp;#039;est&amp;#039; et &amp;#039;non est&amp;#039; significant diversos modos complectendi terminos mentales in formando propositiones mentales, et illi modi complectendi sunt conceptus complexivi pertinentes ad secundam operationem intellectus, prout ipsa addit super primam operationem. Et ita etiam istae dictiones &amp;#039;et&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;vel&lt;/ins&gt;&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;si&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;ergo&amp;#039; et huius modi designant conceptus complexivos plurium propositionum simul, vel terminorum, in mente, et nihil ulterius ad extra. Et tales voces vocantur &amp;#039;pure syncategorematicae&amp;#039; quia non sunt significativae ad extra nisi cum aliis, ad istum sensum quod totum aggregatum ex dictionibus categorematicis et syncategorematicis significat bene res extra conceptas, sed hoc est ratione dictionum categorematicarum.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Hence signs signify only how the spoken terms, and the mental terms corresponding to them, supposit, and nothing else by their signifying. The different copulas &amp;#039;is&amp;#039; and &amp;#039;is not&amp;#039; signify diverse ways of combining mental terms in forming mental propositions, and those ways of combining are complexive concepts pertinent to the second operation of the intellect, insofar as it is superadded to the first operation. And so also these words &amp;#039;and,&amp;#039; &amp;#039;or,&amp;#039; &amp;#039;if,&amp;#039; &amp;#039;therefore,&amp;#039; and so on designate complexive concepts of several propositions together, or of terms in the mind and nothing further external. And such expressions are called purely syncategorematic, since they are not significative of anything external, unless with other terms, in the sense that the whole aggregate of categorematic and syncategorematic terms correctly signifies things beyond the concepts. But this is by reason of the categorematic terms.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|- valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|- valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| &amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;S2_4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;SDD 4.2.4  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| &amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;S2_4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;SDD 4.2.4  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Edward Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://logicmuseum.com/x/index.php?title=Authors/Buridan/Summulae_de_dialectica/Liber_4/Cap2&amp;diff=4240&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Edward Ockham at 17:52, 6 February 2012</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://logicmuseum.com/x/index.php?title=Authors/Buridan/Summulae_de_dialectica/Liber_4/Cap2&amp;diff=4240&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2012-02-06T17:52:02Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 12:52, 6 February 2012&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l55&quot;&gt;Line 55:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 55:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|- valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|- valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| Ad hoc possunt dari multae responsiones. Prima est quod signum particulare omnino frustra ponitur in propositione, sive a parte subiecti sive a parte praedicati, prout ista regula concederetur, scilicet quod indefinita et particularis aequipollent gratia formae, quia sic omnino nihil mutatur de summa propter additionem vel subtractionem signi; ideo nec debet reputari pars subiecti nec pars praedicati, nec aliqua condicio propositionis nisi frustratorie apposita.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| Ad hoc possunt dari multae responsiones. Prima est quod signum particulare omnino frustra ponitur in propositione, sive a parte subiecti sive a parte praedicati, prout ista regula concederetur, scilicet quod indefinita et particularis aequipollent gratia formae, quia sic omnino nihil mutatur de summa propter additionem vel subtractionem signi; ideo nec debet reputari pars subiecti nec pars praedicati, nec aliqua condicio propositionis nisi frustratorie apposita.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| Many replies can be given to this. The first is that the particular sign is placed entirely in vain in a proposition (whether on the side of the subject or the predicate) according as that rule were allowed (namely that indefinite and particular are equipollent in virtue of their form) since absolutely nothing is changed at all by the addition or subtraction of the sign. Therefore it should not be deemed part of the subject or part the predicate, nor as some condition of the proposition, unless its addition is &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;useless [?]&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| Many replies can be given to this. The first is that the particular sign is placed entirely in vain in a proposition (whether on the side of the subject or the predicate) according as that rule were allowed (namely that indefinite and particular are equipollent in virtue of their form) since absolutely nothing is changed at all by the addition or subtraction of the sign. Therefore it should not be deemed part of the subject or part the predicate, nor as some condition of the proposition, unless its addition is &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;superfluous&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|- valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|- valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| Et ego ostendo quod illud signum particulare, etiam positum a parte praedicati, non sit pars praedicati. Quia istae duae gratia formae aequipollent &amp;#039;B est A&amp;#039; et &amp;#039;B est aliquod A&amp;#039;; ideo quaecumque contradicit uni contradicit alteri; modo constat quod ista &amp;#039;nullum B est A&amp;#039; contradicit primae; ergo similiter contradicit secundae, et tamen non contradiceret ei si iste terminus &amp;#039;aliquod&amp;#039; esset pars praedicati, quia iam non essent de eodem subiecto et eodem praedicato, quod tamen requiritur ad contradictionem formalem. Ideo videtur mihi quod talis dictio posita sive in subiecto sive in praedicato non debet dici pars subiecti nec pars praedicati; vel si ponatur esse pars praedicati, ita debet poni pars subiecti, sed tamen pars frustratorie apposita, quia ea ablata nihil mutaretur de summa.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| Et ego ostendo quod illud signum particulare, etiam positum a parte praedicati, non sit pars praedicati. Quia istae duae gratia formae aequipollent &amp;#039;B est A&amp;#039; et &amp;#039;B est aliquod A&amp;#039;; ideo quaecumque contradicit uni contradicit alteri; modo constat quod ista &amp;#039;nullum B est A&amp;#039; contradicit primae; ergo similiter contradicit secundae, et tamen non contradiceret ei si iste terminus &amp;#039;aliquod&amp;#039; esset pars praedicati, quia iam non essent de eodem subiecto et eodem praedicato, quod tamen requiritur ad contradictionem formalem. Ideo videtur mihi quod talis dictio posita sive in subiecto sive in praedicato non debet dici pars subiecti nec pars praedicati; vel si ponatur esse pars praedicati, ita debet poni pars subiecti, sed tamen pars frustratorie apposita, quia ea ablata nihil mutaretur de summa.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| And I&amp;amp;nbsp;show that the particular sign, even given on the side of the predicate is not a part of the predicate. For &amp;quot;B is A&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;B is some A&amp;quot;&amp;amp;nbsp;are equipollent in virtue of their form. &amp;amp;nbsp;Therefore whatever contradicts one contradicts the other; but it is plain that &amp;quot;No B is A&amp;quot; contradicts the first, and so similarly contradicts the second, and yet it would not contradict it if &amp;#039;some&amp;#039; were part of the predicate, for now they would not have the same subject and the same predicate, which is what is required for a formal contradiction. Therefore it seems to me that such a word, whether given with the subject or the predicate, ought not be called a part of the subject or a part of the predicate, or if it is given as part of the predicate it should thus be taken as part of the subject, but only a part &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;frustratorie apposita&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;/del&gt;, for if it is taken way, nothing would be changed of the whole proposition.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| And I&amp;amp;nbsp;show that the particular sign, even given on the side of the predicate is not a part of the predicate. For &amp;quot;B is A&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;B is some A&amp;quot;&amp;amp;nbsp;are equipollent in virtue of their form. &amp;amp;nbsp;Therefore whatever contradicts one contradicts the other; but it is plain that &amp;quot;No B is A&amp;quot; contradicts the first, and so similarly contradicts the second, and yet it would not contradict it if &amp;#039;some&amp;#039; were part of the predicate, for now they would not have the same subject and the same predicate, which is what is required for a formal contradiction. Therefore it seems to me that such a word, whether given with the subject or the predicate, ought not be called a part of the subject or a part of the predicate, or if it is given as part of the predicate it should thus be taken as part of the subject, but only a part &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;added superfluously&lt;/ins&gt;, for if it is taken way, nothing would be changed of the whole proposition.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|- valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|- valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| Sed alio modo signum particulare ponitur aliquando in propositione, vel etiam signum universale, ad determinandum indefinitam, scilicet signum universale ad designandum quod praedicatum verificatur de subiecto pro omni eius supposito et particulare ad designandum quod veritas sit pro aliquo et non pro omni, vel saltem quod veritas sit nota pro aliquo et non sit nota pro omni; et propositio indefinita se habet ad hoc indifferenter. Unde sic proprie sumendo signum particulare leges bene ponunt differentiam inter propositionem particularem et indefinitam, et saepius per indefinitam intelligunt universalem, et non particularem. Et isto modo signum universale et particulare non &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;deseruiunt &lt;/del&gt;ad subiiciendum, sed ad designandum quantitatem propositionis quando ponuntur a parte subiecti.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| Sed alio modo signum particulare ponitur aliquando in propositione, vel etiam signum universale, ad determinandum indefinitam, scilicet signum universale ad designandum quod praedicatum verificatur de subiecto pro omni eius supposito et particulare ad designandum quod veritas sit pro aliquo et non pro omni, vel saltem quod veritas sit nota pro aliquo et non sit nota pro omni; et propositio indefinita se habet ad hoc indifferenter. Unde sic proprie sumendo signum particulare leges bene ponunt differentiam inter propositionem particularem et indefinitam, et saepius per indefinitam intelligunt universalem, et non particularem. Et isto modo signum universale et particulare non &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;deserviunt &lt;/ins&gt;ad subiiciendum, sed ad designandum quantitatem propositionis quando ponuntur a parte subiecti.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;But in another way,&amp;amp;nbsp;sometimes&amp;amp;nbsp;the particular sign (and also the universal sign) occurs in a proposition as determining an indefinite proposition, namely the universal sign determing that the predicate is verified of the subject for everything it supposits for, and the particular sign determing that it is is true for some and not for all, or at least that the truth known for some and not for all, or that it is known for some and not known for all. But the indefinite proposition is related to this indifferently. Hence, with the particular sign thus properly taken, readers can correctly give the difference between the particular and the indefinite proposition, and more often understand the universal and not the particular by the indefinite. &amp;amp;nbsp;And in this way the universal and the particular sign do not serve for making the subject, but for designating the quantity of a proposition, when it is given on the side of the subject.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|- valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|- valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| &amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;S2_3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;SDD 4.2.3  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| &amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;S2_3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;SDD 4.2.3  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|- valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|- valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| (1) Item, vocum incomplexarum quaedam sunt categorematicae, quaedam syncategorematicae et quaedam mediae, seu mixtae. (2) Dicuntur autem pure syncategorematicae quia praeter conceptus quos immediate significant nihil significant, nisi forte ea quae termini quibus adiunguntur significant, ut istae dictiones &amp;#039;non&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;et&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;uel&lt;/del&gt;&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;ergo&amp;#039;, et huius modi. (3) Dicuntur autem pure categorematicae quia non solum significant conceptus quos immediate significant, sed etiam res illis conceptibus conceptas, et sunt per se subiicibiles et praedicabiles, et nullum purum syncategorema includunt, ut &amp;#039;homo&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;lapis&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;albedo&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;album&amp;#039; et huius modi. (4) Sed dicuntur mediae, vel mixtae quia significant praeter conceptus quos immediate significant res illis conceptibus conceptas, sed non sunt per se subiicibiles vel praedicabiles, vel quia implicant categoremata et syncategoremata, ut &amp;#039;hodie&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;alicubi&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;nemo&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;nihil&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;secum&amp;#039;, et multa alia.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| (1) Item, vocum incomplexarum quaedam sunt categorematicae, quaedam syncategorematicae et quaedam mediae, seu mixtae. (2) Dicuntur autem pure syncategorematicae quia praeter conceptus quos immediate significant nihil significant, nisi forte ea quae termini quibus adiunguntur significant, ut istae dictiones &amp;#039;non&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;et&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;vel&lt;/ins&gt;&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;ergo&amp;#039;, et huius modi. (3) Dicuntur autem pure categorematicae quia non solum significant conceptus quos immediate significant, sed etiam res illis conceptibus conceptas, et sunt per se subiicibiles et praedicabiles, et nullum purum syncategorema includunt, ut &amp;#039;homo&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;lapis&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;albedo&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;album&amp;#039; et huius modi. (4) Sed dicuntur mediae, vel mixtae quia significant praeter conceptus quos immediate significant res illis conceptibus conceptas, sed non sunt per se subiicibiles vel praedicabiles, vel quia implicant categoremata et syncategoremata, ut &amp;#039;hodie&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;alicubi&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;nemo&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;nihil&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;secum&amp;#039;, et multa alia.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Likewise, some incomplex utterances are &amp;#039;categorematic,&amp;#039; others &amp;#039;syncategorematic,&amp;#039; others &amp;#039;mediate&amp;#039; or &amp;#039;mixed.&amp;#039; They are called &amp;#039;purely syncategorematic&amp;#039; when they&amp;amp;nbsp;signify nothing besides the concepts which they immediately signify, except perhaps what the terms to which they are adjoined signify, such as the words &amp;#039;not,&amp;#039; &amp;#039;or,&amp;#039; &amp;#039;therefore,&amp;#039; &amp;#039;also,&amp;#039; and so on. They are called &amp;#039;purely categorematic&amp;#039; when they not only signify the concepts they immediately signify but also the things conceived by those concepts, and are subject or predicate &amp;#039;&amp;#039;per se&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, and do not include any syncategoremata , such as &amp;#039;man,&amp;#039; &amp;#039;stone,&amp;#039; &amp;#039;whiteness,&amp;#039; &amp;#039;white,&amp;#039; &amp;#039;donkey,&amp;#039; &amp;#039;blackness,&amp;#039; and so on. But they are called &amp;#039;mediate&amp;#039; or &amp;#039;mixed&amp;#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;when either they signify, aside from the concepts they immediately signify, those things conceived by the concepts, but are not able to be the subject or predicate &amp;#039;&amp;#039;per se&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, or when they imply categorematic and syncategorematic terms, such as &amp;#039;perhaps,&amp;#039; &amp;#039;today,&amp;#039; &amp;#039;some- where,&amp;#039; &amp;#039;nobody,&amp;#039; &amp;#039;nothing,&amp;#039; &amp;#039;with-itself,&amp;#039; and many others.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|- valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|- valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| Ista tertia pars continet quattuor clausulas. Prima est divisio trium membrorum, quae apparebit per alias clausulas. Aliae tres clausulae declarant tria membra praedictae divisionis.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| Ista tertia pars continet quattuor clausulas. Prima est divisio trium membrorum, quae apparebit per alias clausulas. Aliae tres clausulae declarant tria membra praedictae divisionis.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This passage contains four clauses.&amp;amp;nbsp;The first is a division with three members, which will become clear from the other clauses, and the other three clauses clarify the members of the said division.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|- valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|- valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| Propter quarum declarationem, notandum est quod categorema dicitur vel a praedicando vel a significando. Si dicatur a praedicando, tunc omnis dictio dicitur pure categorematica si sit per se subiicibilis vel praedicabilis et quod nullum syncategorema includat; multae enim sunt dictiones praedicabiles quae non sunt pure categorematicae quia implicant negationes, ut &amp;#039;nemo&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;nihil&amp;#039;, et termini privativi. Si autem categorema dicitur a significando, tunc categoremata dicuntur quasi per se significativa et syncategoremata dicuntur quasi non per se significativa, sed cum alio; dicitur enim a &amp;#039;syn&amp;#039; graece, quod est &amp;#039;cum&amp;#039; latine, quasi cum alio significativa.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| Propter quarum declarationem, notandum est quod categorema dicitur vel a praedicando vel a significando. Si dicatur a praedicando, tunc omnis dictio dicitur pure categorematica si sit per se subiicibilis vel praedicabilis et quod nullum syncategorema includat; multae enim sunt dictiones praedicabiles quae non sunt pure categorematicae quia implicant negationes, ut &amp;#039;nemo&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;nihil&amp;#039;, et termini privativi. Si autem categorema dicitur a significando, tunc categoremata dicuntur quasi per se significativa et syncategoremata dicuntur quasi non per se significativa, sed cum alio; dicitur enim a &amp;#039;syn&amp;#039; graece, quod est &amp;#039;cum&amp;#039; latine, quasi cum alio significativa.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;For clarifying this, it should be noted &amp;amp;nbsp;that a term is called categorematic either by predication or signification. If it is so-called by predication, then every word which is able &amp;#039;&amp;#039;per se&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;to be subject and predicate and which includes no syncategoremata is called purely categorematic. For there are many words able to be a predicate which are not purely categorematic, since they imply negations. For example, &amp;#039;nobody,&amp;#039; &amp;#039;nothing,&amp;#039; and privative terms. But if a term is called categorematic by signification, then a categorematic terms are so-called as though&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;per se&amp;#039;&amp;#039; significative, and syncategorematic terms are so-called as though not significative &amp;#039;&amp;#039;per se&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, but only significative with another - for they are so-called from the Greek &amp;#039;syn-&amp;#039; which is &amp;#039;with&amp;#039; in English&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;cum in Latin&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; as though &amp;#039;significative with another&amp;#039;.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|- valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|- valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| Sed tamen oportet scire quod omnis dictio quae potest intrare propositionem est per se imposita ad aliquid significandum, scilicet ad significandum aliquem mentis conceptum, sicut a principio huius libri dicebatur, prout Aristoteles dicit, in libro Peri Hermeneias, quod ea quae sunt in voce sunt earum quae sunt in anima passionum notae, id est signa. Unde quantum ad huius modi significationem non est differentia quin omnis vox ponenda in propositione habeat per se aliquam significationem sibi impositam ad placitum.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| Sed tamen oportet scire quod omnis dictio quae potest intrare propositionem est per se imposita ad aliquid significandum, scilicet ad significandum aliquem mentis conceptum, sicut a principio huius libri dicebatur, prout Aristoteles dicit, in libro Peri Hermeneias, quod ea quae sunt in voce sunt earum quae sunt in anima passionum notae, id est signa. Unde quantum ad huius modi significationem non est differentia quin omnis vox ponenda in propositione habeat per se aliquam significationem sibi impositam ad placitum.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;But still you have to know that every word which can enter a proposition is imposed &amp;#039;&amp;#039;per se&amp;#039;&amp;#039; for signifying something, namely for signifying some concept of the mind, just as was said at the beginning of this book. &amp;amp;nbsp;As Aristotle says in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De interpretatione&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;cap. i 16a2—4 - link to follow&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, that&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;quot;those things which are spoken are marks of those passions which are in the soul,&amp;quot; i.e. signs. Hence, with respect to this sort of signification there is no difference&amp;amp;nbsp;but that every utterance to be given in a proposition has a &amp;#039;&amp;#039;per se&amp;#039;&amp;#039; signification imposed on it by convention.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|- valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|- valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| Sed ultra aliquae voces sunt impositae ad significandum per se, ultra illos conceptus, res conceptas illis conceptibus, ut iste terminus &amp;#039;asinus&amp;#039; asinos, iste terminus &amp;#039;albus&amp;#039; albedinem et iste terminus &amp;#039;hodie&amp;#039;, vel &amp;#039;cras&amp;#039;, tempus aliquod. Et tales voces vocantur &amp;#039;pure categorematicae&amp;#039; si sint per se praedicabiles et nullum syncategorema includant, sed mediae, vel mixtae, si non sint per se praedicabiles aut aliquod syncategorema includant.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| Sed ultra aliquae voces sunt impositae ad significandum per se, ultra illos conceptus, res conceptas illis conceptibus, ut iste terminus &amp;#039;asinus&amp;#039; asinos, iste terminus &amp;#039;albus&amp;#039; albedinem et iste terminus &amp;#039;hodie&amp;#039;, vel &amp;#039;cras&amp;#039;, tempus aliquod. Et tales voces vocantur &amp;#039;pure categorematicae&amp;#039; si sint per se praedicabiles et nullum syncategorema includant, sed mediae, vel mixtae, si non sint per se praedicabiles aut aliquod syncategorema includant.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;| But furthermore, some utterances are imposed to signify &#039;&#039;per se&#039;&#039; signify, beyond those concepts, the things which are conceived by those concepts, so that the term &#039;donkey&#039; signifies a donkey, the term &#039;white&#039; signifies whiteness, the terms &#039;yesterday&#039; and &#039;today&#039; signify some time. And such words are called &#039;purely categorematic&#039; if they are &#039;&#039;per se&#039;&#039; predicable and include nothing syncategorematic, but &#039;mediate&#039; or &#039;mixed&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;if they are not &#039;&#039;per se&#039;&#039; predicable or include something syncategorematic.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;|- valign=&quot;top&quot;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;| Aliae autem sunt voces significativae quae ultra illos conceptus non significant per se res aliquas illis conceptibus conceptas, ut sunt copulae et negationes et signa distributiva. Unde istae propositiones &#039;deus est deus&#039; et &#039;deus non est deus&#039; nihil omnino aliud, plus aut minus significant ad extra quam iste terminus &#039;deus&#039;, dum tamen haec dictio &#039;est&#039; sumatur praecise ut copula, sicut post dicetur. Nec ista oratio &#039;omnis homo est animal&#039; plus vel minus vel aliud significat praeter conceptus animae quam ista &#039;nullus homo est animal&#039;.&amp;amp;nbsp; &lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|- valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|- valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Aliae autem sunt voces significativae quae ultra illos conceptus non significant per se res aliquas illis conceptibus conceptas, ut sunt copulae et negationes et signa distributiva. Unde istae propositiones &amp;#039;deus est deus&amp;#039; et &amp;#039;deus non est deus&amp;#039; nihil omnino aliud, plus aut minus significant ad extra quam iste terminus &amp;#039;deus&amp;#039;, dum tamen haec dictio &amp;#039;est&amp;#039; sumatur praecise ut copula, sicut post dicetur. Nec ista oratio &amp;#039;omnis homo est animal&amp;#039; plus vel minus vel aliud significat praeter conceptus animae quam ista &amp;#039;nullus homo est animal&amp;#039;. &lt;/del&gt;Unde signa solum significant quo modo termini vocales et mentales eis correspondentes supponunt, nihil ultra significando. Et istae copulae &amp;#039;est&amp;#039; et &amp;#039;non est&amp;#039; significant diversos modos complectendi terminos mentales in formando propositiones mentales, et illi modi complectendi sunt conceptus complexivi pertinentes ad secundam operationem intellectus, prout ipsa addit super primam operationem. Et ita etiam istae dictiones &amp;#039;et&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;uel&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;si&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;ergo&amp;#039; et huius modi designant conceptus complexivos plurium propositionum simul, vel terminorum, in mente, et nihil ulterius ad extra. Et tales voces vocantur &amp;#039;pure syncategorematicae&amp;#039; quia non sunt significativae ad extra nisi cum aliis, ad istum sensum quod totum aggregatum ex dictionibus categorematicis et syncategorematicis significat bene res extra conceptas, sed hoc est ratione dictionum categorematicarum.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| Unde signa solum significant quo modo termini vocales et mentales eis correspondentes supponunt, nihil ultra significando. Et istae copulae &amp;#039;est&amp;#039; et &amp;#039;non est&amp;#039; significant diversos modos complectendi terminos mentales in formando propositiones mentales, et illi modi complectendi sunt conceptus complexivi pertinentes ad secundam operationem intellectus, prout ipsa addit super primam operationem. Et ita etiam istae dictiones &amp;#039;et&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;uel&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;si&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;ergo&amp;#039; et huius modi designant conceptus complexivos plurium propositionum simul, vel terminorum, in mente, et nihil ulterius ad extra. Et tales voces vocantur &amp;#039;pure syncategorematicae&amp;#039; quia non sunt significativae ad extra nisi cum aliis, ad istum sensum quod totum aggregatum ex dictionibus categorematicis et syncategorematicis significat bene res extra conceptas, sed hoc est ratione dictionum categorematicarum.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|- valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|- valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Edward Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://logicmuseum.com/x/index.php?title=Authors/Buridan/Summulae_de_dialectica/Liber_4/Cap2&amp;diff=4239&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Edward Ockham at 16:31, 6 February 2012</title>
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		<updated>2012-02-06T16:31:03Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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		<author><name>Edward Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
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		<title>Edward Ockham: Text replace - &quot;{{reflist}}&quot; to &quot;{{reflist}}Category:Untranslated&quot;</title>
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		<updated>2012-01-29T12:17:46Z</updated>

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		<author><name>Edward Ockham</name></author>
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